iKhA^UKL  KUUM 


rge  Washington  Flc 
.\  tentorial  Collection 

DUKE  UN1VERS1  iv  i  IBR  \ky 


!   I  I-1I1I)   II V  THE 

PAMH  ■  01 
COLO'  A  I  na 


THE  LIFE 


OP 


LIEUT.  GEN.  T.  J.  JACKSON 


BY  AN  EX-CADE^ 


RICHMOND,  VA. 

PRLNTED   AM)   PUBLISHED   13Y-  JAMES    E.    QOODE. 

18b3. 


red  according  to  an  act  ol  congress,  by  Jambb  E.  Goode.  in 
office  of  the  district  court  of  the  Confederate  States,  for  the  Eastern', 
of  Virginia. 


.-££    _>&r   ^1 


^ 


to 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL   R.  S.   EWELL, 


THIS       BOOir 


DEDICATED- 


3lS0i2 


PREFACE, 


The  materials  from  which  this  book  !■■ 
pared  have  been  collected  since  June  1-861,  thoi 
for  a  different  purpose. 

Upon  the  death  of  GeneralJackson,  the  author  de- 
termined to  prepare  a  sketch  of  his  life,  a  plan  which 
he  had  had  in  contemplation  for  several  months. 
He  had  fairly  entered  upon  his  task  when  he  learned 
that  a  distinguished  Southern  author  was  engaged  in 
a  similar  undertaking 

Believing,  however,  that  there  is  room  enough  in 
the  South  for  two  such  books,  he  has  continued  his 
labor  and  the  result  of  it  is  now  offered  to  the  public. 

He  had  just  put  the  \  q  he  was 

informed    tha  General  J:.        n     and 

one  which  *       n  any  yet  pub- 

lished, was  boi  d   by  the  E  Doctor 

Dabney,  for  baff.      I 

ill  room  foi 


3l30fS 


fc  .11    lari 

i 

AH. 

ited,  came  u 
author,  and  the  remainder, 
.-    entic  sour< 

completed  and   put  in  •  a  the 

.  but   the  failure  to  pnfcure  pa] 
and  difficulties  hard         >vercome,  have    pre- 

al  .1''  e  rliei  p  iriod. 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  T.  J.  JACKSON 


d 


J 


Tit  TC   LIFE 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  THOMAS  J.  JACKSON. 


It  would  be  difficult  for  any  one  to  do  justice  to  the  narra- 
tion of  such  a  life  as  that  of  Thomas  J.  Jackson — a  life  pure 
and  spotless  as  the  dew  of  the  morning;  grand  and 

as  the  full  blaze  of  the  noontide  sun.  To  a  stranger  such  a 
task  must  be  an  impossibility  :  and  even  cue  who  knew  and 
loved  him,  may  well  pause  in  dismay  as  he  contemplates  the 
magnitude  of.  the  task  that  he  has  imposed  upon  himself. 
Many  will  enter  upon  such  an  undertaking:  some  with  a  de- 
sire to  preserve  to  the  country  and  to  the  world  a  record  of 
the  services  of  a  good  and  great  man:  others  from  more  sordid 
motives  which  in  this  age  but  too  often  invade  th  acred 

pla< 

-  room  for  one  who  knew  and  lo\      ' 
to  offer  his  humble  tr'bute   to   the   glori  I  :   and  though 

that  I  lay  be  imperfi  »r  of 

\ill  pro'-  table  to  : 

• 
•  ■  s  of  English  descent.     His  great  grand- 
m,  and  his  great  grandme 

this  coTOtrv  ■>'■  'i  v-;ry  c^rly  day,  and   settled  upon  the  south 
2 


I 


10  ERAL 

; 

I  v.  and 
■  is  in  the  legisla- 

■ 

upon  I 

; 
I 
on  which  rn,  and 

. 

rudl- 

e- 

hard  while  at  faithful  in*L< 


4 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  11 

charge  of  his  duties.     These  qualities  exhibited  in  a  d 
remarkable  in  one  so  you  the  at- 

tention anil  win  the  admiration  of  all  with  \vl  rown. 

Nor  v.- ere  they  all 

wishing  to  assi  .  truggling 

to  raise  himself  in  the  worl  d  upon  him  the  offi 

table  of  the  county  when   ho  was  but  vea-rs  old. 

He   accepted   the   appo  .  ana   in  spite  of  his  extreme 

youth,  di-  his  new  I  with  ability. 

There  are  some  persons  in  this  world  I  God  gives  na- 

tures and  characters  older  and  maturer  than  their  years,  and 
the  of  th< 
In  his  seventeenth  year  he  solicited  and  receive  oint- 

ment as  cadet  in  the  milil  Point,  and  to 

accept  this  position,  resigned  tl  able. 

It  is  related  of  him,  upon  what  seems  to  I  I  i  uthority, 

that   !  he  heard  there  was  a  v 

he  dc        ■  are  it  for  himself.  mediate) 

out  and  walked  a  1  mud  to  a  point 

h  he  could  take  the  stage  to  V,  on  city, 

riving  there  he  sought  out  Mr.  Hays,  the  m 
for  hi  :,  and  travel  and  with   his  face  H< 

with  excitement,  presented  himself  before  him  and  told  him 
that  he  wanted  the  place  at  West  Point  then  vacant.  Aston- 
ished I  by  Bueh  a  request  coming  from  one  who 
seemed  so  humble  and  sounsuited  to  such  a  position,  Mr.  Hays 
d  into  conversation  with  young  Jackson  and  endeavored 
to  di;  im  from  trying  fo  enter  the  West  Point  academy. 
But  the  energetic  youth  was  not  to  be  discouraged,  and  in  the 
conversation,  evinced  such  a  marked  degree  of  intelligence, 
that  his  application  was  successful  and  he  received  the  desired 
appointment. 

He  entered   the  military  academy  in  1812,  and  remained 
there  for  four  y 
vering  attention  to  his  duties.     His  sense  of  duty  was  ah 


1 

■ 

* 

; 

mm  and  ■  d  Taylor 

■  which  1 

ons.      I.  me  which 

him  for  - 
■  i  in  idlei 
year  184' 

i!i  ■  island  "l  I  '     ncrul 

unizing  an  expedition  against  the  city  of   \ 

I  to  that  point  with  his 
* 
r,  the  » 

.,  and  on  the  n 

. 

.      lilt' 

.  of  the 


« 


THOMAS    J,    JACKSOR.  lb 

Lieutenant  Jackson  was  assignor!  the  command  of  one  of  the 
battc  t  of  the  devote. I  city.     Ex- 

dships,  he  exhibited  the  most  unvarying  cheer- 
fulness, and,  the  object  of  a  heavy  fire,  he  worked  his  guns 
with  such  skill  and  courage  as  to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
commandi  I  iendation. 

gallant  ai  as  conduct"  ti  Vera 

Cruz,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant. 

After  the  fall  of  Vera  Cruz,  the  army  advanced  towards  the 
city  of  Mexico.  On  the  18th  of  April  the  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo  was  fought  and  won.  In  this  action  Captain  John 
Bankhead  Magruder,  (who,  like  Lieutenant  Jackson,  had  been 
ned  to  duty  with  the  heavy  artillery,)  led  the  party  that 
stormed  the  enemy's  works  at  Cerro  Gordo.  The  Mexicans 
were  driven  from  their  strong  position.  Captain  Magruder 
Was  the  first  artillery  officer  to  enter  the  works.  He  captured 
a  Mexican  field  battery,  which  he  turned  and  served  with  great 
effect  upon  their  flying  columns.  General  Scott  observing  this, 
rode  up  to  him  and  presented  him  with  the  guns,  which  after- 
wards became  so  famous  under  the  name  of  "  Magruder  s  light 
battery." 

Lieutenant  Jackson  was  very  anxious  to  be  transferred  from 
the  heavy  artillery  service  to  a  field  battery;  and  as  soon    as 
he  found  that   his  friend,  Captain  Magruder,  had  been   placed 
in  command  of  one,  he  bent  every  energy  to  secure  a  transfer 
to  that  battery.      In  speaking  of  this,  in   after  years,  he   re- 
marked to  a  friend;  '"1  wanted  to  see  active  service.     I  wished 
to  be  near  the  enemy  and  in  the  fight,  and  when  1  heard  John 
uder  had  got  his  battery,  I  bent  all  my  energies  to  be 
with  him,  for  I  knew  if  there  was  any  fighting  to  be  done,  Ma- 
ud." 
Wli  I,  the  an  I  to 

t  came  within  sight  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
i  almost  the  same  spot  where,  three  hundred  years  before, 
Cortcz  and  his  followers  looked  down  upon  the  distant  balls 

-.    armv  bbhokl   \\u?  <?cenctf 


14  LIEUT  •  RAL 

■ 

!  ',  and   h 
.  ■!  the  ad  .   ind  halted  and 

• 

peU  at  the  tow:;  of  San  A 
miles  fro 

the  Americans  had  turned  El  F  n 
i  side  of  the  city,  ho  loft  th- 
in the  strong  fort  of  San  Antonio,  which  1;; 
of  Worth's  new  position.     Northwest  of   San  Ant 
miles  from  the  city,  lay  the  li 

1  hcen  strongly  forttfi  e  Mexicans.     A  little 

to   the  west  of  San  Aeguslin  was  the  fortified  camp  of  Con- 

-.v.- risen  of  about  six  tl  men.     In  the 

was  a  reserve  fore  and  men  lying  between  the 

camp  ami  the  city.     Tae  whole  number  of  Mexicans  manning 
these  def  ad,  with  about  one 

hundred  pieces  of  heavy  and  light  a:-:;!: 

General  Persifer  F.  Smith  was  ordered  to  advance  with  his 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  15 

brigade,  (the  1st  of  the  2d  division  of  regulars,)  and  carry  the 
entrenched  camp  at  Contreras,  while  Shields  and  Pierce  should 
move  between  the  gimp  and  Santa  Anna  at  San  Antonio,  and 
n.t  him  from  going  to  the  assistance  of  the  force  at  Con- 
treras. At  3  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  20th  of  August 
1947,  the  expedition  set  out  and  at  daylight  made  the  at 
on  t lie  entrenched  camp,  which  was  carried  after  several  hours 
hard  fighting;  those  of  the  enemy  who  escaped  retreating  to 
Churubusco.  After  the  capture  of  Contreras,  the  army  ad- 
rks  at  Churubusco,  ami  after  a  stubborn 
light  succeeded  in  driving  the  enemy  from  them. 

Ies  Lieutenant  Jackson  behaved  most  gallantly, 
mentioned  "for  gallant  services"  in  the  official  report 
of  General  Twiggs.     For  his  conduct  in  these  engagements  he 
n,  but  this  p  .)  did  not    each  him 

Li   '  ".it  Jackson  hud  obtained 

.•  to  the  light  artillery  service   and  was  ordered  to 
Of  his  conduct.  Captain  Ma- 
ler  in  his  official  is,  singularly  enough,  ad- 
:>  Captain  J.  Hookeu,)  sj 

jreneral  T  d  was  o  y  him  to 

' !  the  enemy's  battery.      *      *      *     *     About 
k  P.  M.,  the  bat  ..is  placed  in  front  of 

■  at  the  distance  of  about  nine  hundred 
*      My  fire  was  opened      *     *     *     *     and 

out  an  ho;::-.      *     *     *     * 
•it  Jackson,  commanding  the  second 
section  of  who  had  opened  a  fire  upon  the  enemy's 

km  on  the  right,  hearing  our  own  fire 
ivanccd  in  handsome  style,  and  being  as- 
.  post  so  gallantly  filled  by  Lieutenant  John- 
stone up  the  fire  with  great  briskness  and  effect.     *    * 
*     *     *     *     I  )      ...n's  conduct  was. equally  con- 
spicuous throughout  the  whole  day,  and  I  cannot  too  highly 

■  General's  favorable  consideration."    # 

80  'i  few  oiuuu.-i  before. 


16  LISl  1  IBHBRAL 

After  the  death  of  Lieutenant  J  Jackson  became 

the  battery,  and  filled  that  pos.1  with 
ami  'ii. 

On  Mil. or  th<  del  Rey 

wo*  fought  and  won  1» v  the  American  army.     Havi 

i   tu  carry  the  city  of  Mexico  by  Btorm,  General   S 
orders  for  the  final  assault.     On  the  morning  of  thi 
September  1847,  the  attack  was  began,  and  by  night  the  strong 
castle  of  Chapultcpec  and  the  Belen  ami  gates  of 

the  city  had  been  carried  by  the    \  Early  the 

next  morning  (the  1 4th)  the  city  was  taken  |  n  pf.     In 

the  actions  which  led  to  the  capture  of  th<  Lieutenant 

On  behaved  with  the  most  conspicuous  gallantry,  and  as 
a  reward  for  his  services  was  brevetted  maj 

In  his  official  report  of  the  battle  of  ChapulttJpec,  General 
Scott  speaks  of  him  as  follows  : 

41  To  the  north  and  at  the  base  of  the  mound  inaccessible  on 
id",  the  11th  infantry  under  Lieutenant-colonel  H 
and  the  14th   under   Colonel    Trousdale,  and    Captain    Magru- 
lieM  battery   1st   urtillery,  one  n   advanced  under 

Lieutenant  -1  i<  kson — all  of  Pillow's  division — had.  at  the 
time,  some  p  rited  affairs  against  superior  numb  rs,  di 
the  enemy  from  a  battery  in  the  road  and  capturi  .    In 

-  named  gained  merited  praise.  * 
****••  j |  iv'.ig  t  i  U'.d  the  forest  on  the  west,  and 
arrivin  to  the  north  ■  ■  r  Chapultepec,  Worth 

came  up  with  I  i   r  >ad  under  '  lolonel  T 

and  aided  by  a  flank  movement  <»f  ;i  part  of  Garland's  brigade 
in  tak  twork,  then  und  w  fire  of  Lieuten- 

ant Jackson's  section  of  Magrudor's  battery." 

In  the  official  report  of  General  Worth,  I  find  the  following 
complimenl  fcice  of  the  brave  young  artillerist : 

some  four   hundred  yards  we  came  to  a 
battery  which  had  been  assailed  by  a  portion  of  Mngruder's 
Ad  guns-wpai'ticulai'ly  the  section  under  the  gallant  Lieu- 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  17 

i,  who,  although  he  had  lost  most  of  his  horses 
Itnd  many  of  his  men,  continued  chivalrously  at  his  post  com- 
battine  with  nob] 

In  closing  iiis  report,  .  Worth  tendered  his  acknow- 

ta  to  Liei  on  ••  for  gallant  conducts* 

Go  : 

haft  placed  Colonel  Trouble  with   the.  llthlujcl  14th 
.cuts,  a)kl  on  uder's  battery,  under  com- 

mand of  Lieutenant  Jackson,  on^thc  road  leading  on  the  left 

us   to  advance  on 
:.      :;:      :::     :-:      :;;      1  :  ild  battery  engaged  a 

-  in   the  road  immedi- 
Ivanced  section  of 
the  batterj  Jack- 

lly  cut  up  and  almost  .     *      :;:     * 

h  great  !  the 

tit,  Jackion,  il!  thjj  facft^f  a  galling 

'lf%  ca/iv  le  ser- 

tult." 

•  icount  gi\  grudcr  is 

de.    This 
.    d  on  the 
8l1i,  11th. 

. 

-,  Major  • 
cely  engaged  wit! 
near  !       .  was  complied  v  I  ar- 

i 

rear;  the  la  done 

by  a  .  be  section  under  the  ii  . 

*     *     On 
3  village  of  La  Piedad,  in  front 


L. 

:ion  unci  . 

ptfpM ;    another  * 

tainiijg  with  mc  Li 

i. 
I 

of  Lieutenant  Jackson,  at  |iic 
lank  of  Chapultep    . 
ued  sufli 
gcrous  to  •  -ivcfror  ia 

ion  of  the  bat! 
until  the  main  work  was  ca 
On  rea 

I 
proach  of  ^v  large  »bJMy  OT 

;     I  ce  at  thi$  point  and  to 

. 

of  ol   frl 

y  dis- 
mounted 

i 

!iere  it  wa  . 
reports  that  he  was  ordered  to  (hat  positio:  rous- 

ihat  on  finding  a  bat;  .   largo 

infantry  within  short  range  of  him  across  the  road,  he 
.  as  soon  as  he  could  bring  a  piece  into  battery  and    ' 
the  enemy  from  the  piece  and  wo:  h  ilie  infantry 

enter*  When  I  a 


THOM  #N'.  J 

the  advance,  :  over 

ert'ook  Li  ckson, 

timq^.ujj.  n  the  Aiemy's  ^mting  col- 
umn 
■  the  attention  i 
to  the  oo  of  the  1st  artillery.    If 

tics  of  a  soldier,  then  "lie  is  entitled  to  : 

in  all  the 

:   and  upon   this   occasion, 

■when   ci.  ;>laccd  him  in  command  for  a  short  time 

of  an  independent  section,  he  p  .'  eminently  worthy 

of  it." 

Amor  Tack- 
son's   ex  preserved 
with                                             y  by  the  e  Military 
Institute,  i?  one  r  battle  of 
pultapec.     I                                       ere. 

Li<  section  of  the 

battery,  my  which 

riWy 

of  those  to  shelter 

ich  the  i  is  hurling 

d  by 

- 
its  fire.    The 


20 

inel^  k   possession 
of  it. 

In  1858  the  gradhati^|  re- 
solve              rttrftt. the  truth  of  .  Major 

dent  ':cd : 

Major?" 
;ackson  smiled  quietly 

i  her 
of  the'cl 

r — very  hot," 

A  b  around  tl  kson 

Bmili 

to  do  so. 
I  wo'  .   but  I  \\;  ;ion, 

." 

sol- 

Thj  w  to 

the  power  of  de- 

. 
closed  • 
eon.     As  short  as  that  career  1  •  lost  lr.il- 

liant.     He  joined  the  ;.  an  un- 

,i  brevet  second  lieutenant  of 
nd  upon  for  promotion  but  hi 
brief  campaign  fi  ■••     city  « 

reached   I  :   rank  of  Major — .  of  promotions  un- 

equalled of  any  other  person  connec 

of  General  Scott. 

crvico  throuj  a  in  Mr 

te  of  that  country,  hud  so  impaired  tho 
health  of  Major  Jackson,  that  after  the  closo  of 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  21 

■war  he  was  forced  to  resign  his  commission  in  the  army  and 
retire  to  private  life. 

In  1851  he  applied  for  and  received  the  appointment  of  pro- 
fessor of  natural  and  experimental  philosophy  and  as 
and  the  post  of  instructor  of  artillery  at  the  Military  Institute 
of  Vi  rcuated  near  thcrtown*  gton  in  the  county 

of  Rockbridge,     lie  immediately  entered  upon  the  disch 
of  his  dufNK  and  remained  at  the  Institute  until  the  vcar'18Gl. 

While  i  m  he  made  a  on  of  religion 

and  connected,  himself  with  the  Presbyterian  church,  having 
for  his  pa:  good  old  man,  the  l|cv.  Dr.  White.     After 

connecting  himself  with  the  church.  on  became  an 

active  aid  prominent. member  of  it,  and  filled  ivel  \  and 

almost  during  the  entire  period  of  his  residence  in  Lexington, 
'  secular  positions  in  it.     His  zeal  i  ity  in  the 

ion  were 
.  but  while  he  lal  aietly 

Sh  removal  to  Lexington,  Tie  married  Miss 

Junkin,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Junkin,  the   president,  of 
The  lady  did  no!  vive  her  mar- 

s  union  Major  J  id  one  child,  a  daugl 

who  died  in  rnl 

ho  is  still 
living.  his  second  d  one  .child,  a.  daughter, 

born  :  inths  before  his  death. 

*  The  life  of  Major  Jac  professor  at  the  Instil 

ery  httlc  of  importance.     It  was   quiet 
peaceful.;  ysmroul.     F  continued 

patiently  and  humbly  to  implant  in  the  mil 
the  youth    . 

ince  enal  i  to  win  for  them. 

rtal  fame,  and  to  serve  their  country  so  well  in  her  ] 
of  need.     The  Military  Institute  of  Virginia  has  furnished  to 
the  South  a  number  of  moi  miplished  officers, 


«u 


- 

j 

■      : 

in    ]\\<    (1    ; 

.  hllint  ll: 

icityf  ai  i  v,  liirh  be 

ill  with  tl  long, 

';.     In  th 

ning  with  exhib- 

I 

- 
I 

■ 
i 

: 

:  ndjropoundcd  t 

.    .t  the 
from 


THOlfAS    J.    JACKSON.  23 

A  smile  passed  over  the  Major's  features,  and  he  cut  him 
short  in  h  n  with  : 

"Ko,  sir.     You  can  take  .:t." 

Another  nd  lie  was  equall 

any  light  upon  I  te,  and 

another  still,  and  ail    the  while  Major  J  need  in  his 

if  the  uri- 
fortui;  trly 

qjounji  the  class,     m  young  man,  whose  humor  and  auda 
had  made  him  and 

!  to  explain  the  ma  -    '.  .    tie  ].  ■.  too, 

pletcly  non-plu  :  then,  his  countenance  suddenly  bri 

tjor  and  exclaimed  slyly  : 
'•  Well,  Major,  I  reckon  i  be  because  there  is  no  tele- 

graph between  the  two 

'•  You  arc  vi  i  e  as 

a  judge.     "  I  :  seat." 

A  shout  of  laughter  •  remark,  and  the  M 

ily  as  if  nothing  had  hap]  when 

order  I  returned  to   the  subject  of  the  recitation 

with  the  most  pRfecl  cooln 

His  i      .         iper  was  sorely  tried  by  the  annoyance  to  wl 

:im.     It  was   their   greatest   delight   to 
worry  the  professors — especially  "old  Jack,"    a 

LI  ba  j 

whkh  the  junior  classes  ;  the  fir 

.     At  dri 
•  all  kinds  of 
lies  a  lynch  pin  would  be  taken  from  tl 
one  oi  1  would  of  course *run 

i,d  the  carriage,  caisson  or  limber,  as  the  case  might  be, 
break  down.  <   Again,  some  one  would  hang  a  small  bell  in 

.e  limber  box,  and  this  woul  1  tinkle  merrily  whenever  tliOv' 
battery  would  move  off,  ca-. 
of  laughter.     Major  JaQsson  would  halt  the  battery  and  ex- 


21 

:.:ovc 

■ 

laughter. 

. 

(ver  the  i 
companiment,  ». 

whole  parade  gr<  i 

cadet  officers,  i 
ner.     Oac  evening 

ib  the  ini  t  of  the  c  i  ajkjtai: 

proa  i 
with  the  drill. 

"Very  much,  sir,"  replied. the  major.     Tl  .  with 

le:  "  the  officers  y  fine  co;  .   • 

noon."  m 

The  artillery  di 

Then  I  have  nc\  i  iv  of 

the  fa 

s  excel  them  in 
Jn^nts.     As  s 

lie 
re  would 

1 1m  and 

the 

;  with     hi      .ml  have 

;  lie  atteu  be  was 

mes  through  wl>ich  lie  had  ^a.  ted   in  that 

ie  is  so  '  lably 

fcant  doubted  Major  Jacl  :  kill  and 


OttC   tOl 

./ere  too  constant 
striking  to  leave  room  For  doubt),  hut  he  sometimes  made 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON."  25 

laughable  mistakes,  at  -which  none  seemed  more  amused  than 
himself. 

Upon  one  occasion  he  informed  one  of  his  classes  that  the 
clock  in  front  of  the  Institute  did  not  give  the  right  time,  and 
declared  his  intention  to  correct  it.  He  accordingly  led  the 
class  out  upon  the  parade  ground,  and  arranging  his  instru- 
ments, prepared  to  take  his  observations  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  true  time,  lie  finished  his  work  about  halfV 
past  twelve  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  to  his  great  astonish- 
ment discovered  that  it  was  nearly  seven  in  the  evening. 
The  announcement  of  the  result  created  a  great  deal  of  mer- 
riment, in  "which  he  joined.  It  was  afterwards  discovered  that 
the  instrument  used  was  out  of  order,  and  the  observations 
were  necessarily  incorrect. 

A  cadet  was  once  dismissed  from  the  Institute  in  conse- 
quence of  a  charge  being  brought  and  sustained  against 
him  by  Major  Jackson.  Filled  with  rage  he  vowed  revenge  ; 
and  arming  himself,  took  his  position  on  the  road  leading  from 
the  Institute  into  Lexington  about  the  time  that  Major  Jackson 
usually  passed  by  on  his  way  to  meet  his  classes,  intending  to 
shoot  him  whenever  he  should  appear.  A  friend  heard  of  this, 
and  meeting  Major  Jackson  on  his  way  to  the  Institute,  warned 
him  of  his  danger  and  urged  him  to  turn  back.  This  he  re- 
fused to  do,  saying — "Let  the  assassin  murder  me,  if  he  will!" 
esteeming  his  duty  more  important  than  his  life.  When  he 
reached  the  place  where  the  young  man  was  waiting  for  him, 
he1  turned  to  him  and  gazed  calmly  at  him.  The  young  man 
turned  away  in  silence,  and  Major  Jackson  continued  his  walk. 
It  was  always  with  him  a  matter  of  unplesantness  to  be  com- 
pelled to  bring  charges  against  a  cadet,  and  he  would  seek  by 
every  means  in  his  power,  consistent  with  his  duty,  to  avoid 
such  ;  ity.     It  was  a  fact  well  known  among  the  cadets, 

that  he  made  fewer  reports  than  aiiy  other  professor,  and  that 
re  tlie  most  difficult  to  have  removed.     The  rea- 
son of  this  is  obvious.     H-    wa     always  accessible  and  ever 
4 


i  ll 
difcciii'.'     flkidi 

coim^ot   fail  mand. 

whi<  1  within 

•  1  until  af  ttion.     'I  o  av i t - 

the 
ber.     Wl 
ation  to  I  ;'  the 

. 
in  th'  of  the  b  dc  of  th 

In 

mand  of 

I 
... 
he  hunt  ever 
i . .  .  He 

'I 

I 


that  state.     The  most  i  .  for- 

pers  Ferry,  whgpli 
so  conflu  ;hc  ^Bp- 

iree  was  colled  id  Colonel 

■  2ml 
rid  at  Hai  II 

to  place  the  |  *    On  the  23d  of 

the  com-  d  by 

.Colonel. 
the  command  of  the  I  le  of  the 

doali,  (as  the  force  under  General  Job 
while  at  Harpers  Ferry,  rendered  gi  e  to  his 

manding  general. 

Having  collected  a  large  numl  ,  the  federal  gov- 

ernment prepared  for  theopeni  ;n  in  .Northern 

Inia.     On  the  Potomac  lin  teld  the  town  of  Alex- 

andria, from- which  they  threatened  * 

column  under  Major  Genera!  Pat- 
land    towards   Harpers 
as  he  wj  that  the  enemy  were 

about  to  enter  Yi  1  Johnston  evacuated  Harpers 

of  drawing  them 

%  upon  v 

II  e   m  .   but 

of  Martii  und  that 

h,  liad  re 

W     ■  -<i'  -  died  to  Win- 

.  with 
li  lli" 
■. 
■ 


* 


r  a  r. 

to  Winchester,  but  more  than  f.»rty  of  the  Largest  and  finest 

a'n,  ithers,  old  and  disabled,  and  nearly  three  hun- 

L  box  and  platform  and  iron  ears  were  destroyed."     The 

was  torn  up  and  the  bridges  destroyed  for  some  distance  : 
inflicting  a  serious  loss  upon  the  enemy. 
On  Thursday,  2nd  July  1801,' the  federal  army  und 
ral  Patterson,  crossed  the  Potoo  I  time,  at  Williams- 

.  and  moved  towards  Martinsburg.     As  soon  b 
informed  of  this,   Colonel  Jackson  broke  up  his  camp,  which 
was  located  about  two  miles  no!  hie  town,  and  advanced 

to  meet  the  enemy.  Having  proceeded  a  short  distance  he 
halted  his  brigade,  and  detaching  part  of  the  5th  Virginia 
regiment,  (Harper's)  a  small  portion  of  Colonel  Stuart's  cav- 
alry, and  one  gun  from  Pendleton's  battery,  in  all  aboul 
men,  he  moved  forward  towards  the  Potomac  to  reconnoitre 
the  enemy's  position  and  ascertain  his  strength.  Arriving 
near  Falling  Waters,  he  found  the  federal  troops  drawn  up  in 
line  of  battle.  This  force  consisted  of  Patterson's  adva 
brigade  under  Brigadier-general  George  Cadwallader, and  num- 
bered between  three  and  five  thousand  men,  with  a  fine  battery 
of  field  artillery.  The  action  was  opened  by  a  dash  of  two 
companies  of  Stuart's  cavalry  upon  that  portion  of  the  enemy's 
forces  which  was  the  first  to  arrive  upon  bhe  Held.  As  soon  as 
he  came  up  with  the  main  body,  Colonel  Jackson,  skilfully 
taking  a  position  which  enabled  him  to  conceal  the  smallness 
of  his  force,  at  once  engaged  the  enemy.  The  action  began 
."■t  '.'  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  continued  with  great  vigor  for 
an  hour,  when  the  firing  g]  gradual,  and  continued  so 

until  the  close  of  the  engagement.  About  12  o'clock.  Colonel 
Jackson,  finding  that  the  enemy  were  making  great  effor 
outflank  him,  which  the  superiority  of  their  force  would  en- 
ble  them  to  do,  drew  oft'  his, men  and  retired  to  his  main  body  ; 
uerny  making  no  attempt  at  a  pursuit.  Having  rejoined 
tain  column,  he  continued  his  retreat  through  Mar tins 

1  a'  ajittle  place  callc  esville,  about  four  miles 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON. 

south  of  the  town,  where  he  was  joined  by  General  Johnston, 
who  had  advanced  to  his  support  with  the  army  of  the  Shen- 
andoah. 

In  this  afFair,  Colonel  Jackson  lost  two  killed  and  ten  wounded. 
The  enemy  lost  a  large  number  killed  and  wounded,  and  forty- 
five  taken  prisoners.  This  hfcs  always  been  justly  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  war.  With  a  more 
handful  of  men,  Colonel  Jackson  had,  for  three  hours,  held  in 
check  a  force  of  ten  times  his  own  numbers,  had  repulsed  e 
attack  made  upon  him,  had  inflicted  a  severe  loss  upon  the 
enem}',  and  had  impressed  them  so  deeply  with  a. sense  of  his 
skill  and  strength,  that  they  had  allowed  him  to  retire  unmo- 
lested. It  was  a  severe  blow  for  an  invading  army,  composed 
entirely  of  raw  troops,  to  meet  with  such  a  decided  check  from 
SO  small  a  force  upon  their  first  entrance  into  a  hostile  country. 
Surely  it  must  have  impressed  them  most  deeply  with  the  con- 
viction that  the  task  of  conquering  the  South  would  be  any 
thing  but  child's  play. 

General  Patterson  telegraphed  to  Washington  that  his  army 
had  "routed  and  put  to  flight  ten  thousand  of  the  rebels.'* 
The  defeat,  however,  was  too  plain  to  be  smothered  over  by 
such  a  bare-faced  lie,  and  a  telegram  soon  afterwards  appeared 
in  a  Louisville  paper,  which  stated  that  the  federals  had  "  evi- 
dently nothing  encouraging  to  communicate." 

General  Johnston  waited  four  days  for  General  Patterson, 
who  had  occupied  Martinsburg,  to  come  out  and  give  him 
battle  ;  but  that  officer  declined  doing  so.  The  lee^on  t;: 
him  at  Falling  Waters  Avas  not  without  its  effect,  lie  w; 
no  hurry  to  meet  the  men  Avho  had-  given  him  such  a  decided 
check  as  that  which  he  had  experienced  on  the  2d  of  July. 
Finding  that  General  Patterson  would  not  come  out  and  fight 
him,  General  Johnston  fell  back  to  Winchester. 

A  i  'rival  of  the  army  at  Winches 

mej  Jackson  receive       '  x  of  brigadier-go 

is  the  provisional  army  of  federate 


iction 

:lcd 

A  finer 

vcr  marched  to  battle.     Th 
their  gallant  conm  not  lonj  this  feel- 

ing of  pride  v.  ged  to  one  of  almost  i 

■  and  careful  of  his  men,  never  n 
that  could  i  to  their  comfort. 

iredthem  •  among  tl 

and  this  was  in  a  great  measure  tt  lerful 

■  ss. 
On  i  of  Jul}.  :  Johnsto  bra- 

iiarch  from  Winchest  t  to 
lie  advance,  and,  upon  arriving  at  Piedmont  o 

ip  railroad,  was  embarked  on  the  c  ther 

1  Bartow's  brigades,  sent  forward  to  Maha 

ched  Manassas  on  I  of  July,  and 

•ed  to  station  himself  on  the  lines  of  Bull  run.  in  the 

burn's  and  .Mitchell's  fords,  in    order  that  he 

pport  cither  G  I   the 

.oral  Bonham  at  the  I  occasion 

ted  to  endeavor  to 

\$tt  flank  of  the  confederate  army,  begun  their  attack 

'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  21st  of  July, 

osidro  at  the  "Stone  A  few 

.  nd  chan  i  ont, 

oo^appcip'cd^and  the  } 

I 

\   firmly 


THOMAS    J.   JACKSON.         ^ 

battle  continued  about  an  hour  longer,  when  G<    • 
order  to  avoid  being  outflanked  by  the  enemy,  who  were  p 
ing  upon  him  from  all  points,  fell  back  towards  the  Henry 
house. 

About  seven  o'clock  in  the  moral  ikeoawas 

ordered  to  move  with  his  brigade,  together  with  ImbodcnV 
five  pieces  of  Walton's  batteries,  and  guard  the  in'u 

i  Bonham's  left  and  Cocke's  right,  and  to  support  either 
in  case  of  need — the  character  and  topographical  feat  up 
the  country  being  shown  to  him  by  Captain  Harris  of  tl; 
gineers.     Shortly  afterwards  Iinboden's  guns  were  scut  for- 
ward with  General  Bee  to  the  assistance  of  Colonel  E 

reneral  Jackson  hurried  forward  to  the  sup- 
port of  General  Bee,  who  was  sorely  pressed  by'  the  dense 

os  of  the  enemy  which  were  surging  heavily  upon  him. 
lie  came  into  action  and  formed  his  brigade  in  line  of  battle, 

as  the  torn  and  shattered  fragments  of  Bee's  forces,  then 
in  great  dang  ing  routed,  reached  the  plateau  on  which 

the   Henry  house  is  situated.     The  enemy  finding 

;  s  front  which  the  gallant  "  first  brigade"  presented  i 
not  ]-■  1 1 l  their  pursuit.     Order 

along  the  lines,  and  soon  Generals  Beauregard  and  Johnston 
arrived  upon  the  field.     While  the  army  ■  dzed, 

and  the  new  line  of  battle  arranged,  the  artillery  of  tin 
armies  became  hotly  engaged.     This  brief  rest  given  to  the 
infantry,  afforded  the  confederates  an  opportunity  to  re 
their  lines,  and,  beyond  a  doubt,  saved  the  victory  then  trem- 
bling in  the  balance.     All  of  this  was  due  to  the  prompl 
of  General  Jackson  in  moving  forward  from  the  position  to 
which  he  had  been  assigned  early  in  the  morning,  and  brin 
his  brigade  into  position  with  such  celerity  and  skill,  th< 
checki 
.About  two  o'clock  in  the  '  ceneral  B 

I   the  wh<  f  his  line  (excep' 

I 


^  ;ral 

time  Jackson's  brigade  pierced 
determination  of  veterans  and  the 
spirit  of  men  who  fight  for  a  sacred  cause,  but  it  suffered  se- 
vere!' 

The  enemy  fell  back;  but  soon  receiving  Btrong  reinforce- 
ments, pressed  forward  again  and  recovered  their  lust  ground. 
at  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  General   Beauregard, 
having  received  a  small  reinforcement, resolved  to  advance  his 
lines  and  drive  ti  hrom  the  plat  ran,  and  accordingly 

orders  were  issued  for  the  execution  of  this  movement. 

The  army  had  suffered  terribly — particularly  the  brigade  of 
In  that  brigade  every  field  officer,  and  nearly 
all  of  the  company  officers  had  fallen,  and  tho  heroic  regiments 
which  composed  it  were  on  the  point  of  being  overwhelmed. 
Just  at  this  moment  the  order  was  given  to  charge  the  enemy's 
lines. 

Riding  up  to  General  Jackson,  who  sat  on   his  horse  calm 
and  unmoved,  though  severely  wounded  in  the  hand,  General 
Bee  exclaimed  in  a  voice  of  anguish: 
•■  General,  they  are  beating  us  back  !" 

I  Jackson  glanced  around  him  for  a  moment.     His 
-  flashed,  and  his  features  shone  with  a  glorious  light. 
Turning  to  General  Bee,  he  .-aid  calmly: 
r,  we'll  give  them  the  bayonet."' 
Thfii  placing  himself  al  the  head  of  his  brigade,  he  thun- 

1 : 

"Forward !" 

The  men  BpTang   forward   with  a  cheer,  and   swept    like   a 
whirlwind  upon  the  Startled  foe. 

Hastening  back  to  his  men,  General  Bee  cried  enthusiasti- 
cally, b  i  he  pointed  to  Jackson,  who  was  dashing  on  finely: 

"Look   yonder!     There   is   Jackson    standing  like  a  stone 
wall!     i.  ine  to  die  here,  and   we  will    conquer. 

i'a  report. 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.         -  33 

Then  placing  himself  at  the  head  of  his  shattered  column, 
he  led  it  forward,  animated  by  the  glorious  example  of  Gene- 
ral Jackson  and  his  men,  in  that  noble  charge,  the  success  of 
which  was  purchased  with  his  pure  life.  The  charge  of  Jack- 
son's men  was  terrific.  The  enemy  were  swept  before  them 
like  chad'  before  a  whirlwind.  Nothing  could  resist  its  impetu- 
osity. The  men  seemed  to  have  caught  the  dauntless  spirit 
and  determined  will  of  their  heroic  commander,  and  nothing 
could  stay  them  in  their  onward  course.  The  27th  Virginia 
regiment,  in  this  brilliant  charge,  captured  the  greater  portion 
of  Rickctts'  and  Griffin's  batteries,  and  the  flag  of  the  1st 
Michigan  regiment.*  The  name  won  that  day  by  the  bri 
and  its  general,  is  immortal.  Just  as  the  final  assault,  which 
ended  in  their  rout,  was  being  made  upon  the  enemy's  lines, 
General  Jackson  was  informed  that  Keyes'  brigade  of  Tyler's 
division  of  the  federal  army  was  approaching  for  the  purpose 
of  outflanking  the  confederate  forces.  He  at  once  ordered 
Alburtis'  battery  (supported  by  a  small  force  of  infantry)  to  a 
point  overlooking  the  road  by  which  the  enemy  were  advan- 
cing. A  few  shots  from  this  bat, cry  and  Latham's  guns,  which 
had  taken  position  a  little  to  the  left,  forced  the  federals  to 
retire. 

In   the  final   attack  upon  the  enemy's  lines,  the  brigade  of 

General  Jackson  greatly   d  died  itself,  and  drove  the 

enemy  from  the  field.     The  gained  by  the  confederate 

was  complete,  and  no  one  had  contributed  more  largely 

to  it  than  General  Jackson. 

The  wound  in  the  hand,  he  received  in  the  early  part  of  the 
day.     It  was  severe  and  painful  ;  but  he  refused  to  leave  the 
field.  ai*d  continued  in  command  of  his  brigade  until 
of  the  oction. 

The  appeal  of  Gen  to  his  troops  became  widely 

spread  throughout  the  d  the  South.     The  troops,  as  a 

h  esteem  and  admiration  for  him,  bestowed 

• •     -  report. 
6 


34 

■ 
I 

i 

Tlu 

I 

■ 
- 
- 

to    1; 

.  he  remained  on 

In 

I 

■ 
I 

tT.atc  commoni  ird.     The  tr  Win- 

■  i 
v  R.  Jacl  inia, 

were  organized  into  a  separate  OT  i   the 

preme  command  oi 
3  of  the  and  the  Moftongi  hela  was  conf< 

:ph  E.  Johnston. 

lajor-general,  Go.. 


THOIvIAS-  J#J  35 

ordered  to  r<\ 

i  at  once  pr0- 
5,   he 

on   i  i- 

I    ' 

Is  of 

\-pectful 

1   by 

iiff.  left  hi  '  jade. 

lie  w  ;  aent,  the 

I  to  draw  from 

not  n  scmml 

irything: 

t  was^full ;  and  this  silence  was  more  :  than 

.. 

As  l  rnff  hal 

i 

I 

I  the 


36  .  .  GENERAL 

Manassas,  where  you  U  descr  ration  of 

bavins  decided  the  fate  of  the  battle.     Throughout  the  1 

yonv  rc- 
hown 
that  •   le  and  wil 

both  to  defend  and  protect.      Y  -\    ■  brilj 

ly  high  r  m  iiio  arm; 

the  whole  confede 

me  kind 
idence  who  he 
more  victories  and  add  addition 
now  enjoy.     You  have  aln 

future  .     I 

shall  look  with  great  anxi<  ir  future  movements,  and  I 

ar  of  the  first  brigade  on  the  field  of 
battle,  it  will  be  of  still  nobier  deeds  i 
reputation  w< 

Here  hi  I  and  glanced  proudly  around  him.     Then, 

Lf  in  his  stirraps  and  throwinj  lie  on  his 

i  a  voice  of  such  deep  feeling, 
it  thrilled  through  evi  gade  : 

"In  the  army  of  the  Shenandoah  you  were  the  first  bri- 
•  in  1      army  of  the  Potomac  you  \ 
in  the  Bee  m  1  corps  of  this  army  yoi  first  brigade  ;  you 

are  the  in  the  affect i'        1  ::nd  I 

future   deed  »u  will  be  handed 

down  to  posterity  as  the  first  brigade  in  this,  our  second  war 
of  independence.     Farewell !" 

For  a  moment  there  was  a  pause,  and  then  arose  cheer  b 
cheer,  so  wild  and  thrilling,  that  the  very  heavens  rang  with 

r  evidences  of  at 
I  :i  hastily  waved  farewell  to  his  men,  and 

le  rapidly  away. 

to  Winchester  to  organize  his  army  and 
):gc  the  affairs  of  his  department.     In   addition  to   the 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  37 

troops  sent  him  from  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  (among  which 
was  his  old  brigade),  the  command  of  General  Loring  was  or- 
dered from  Western  Virginia  to  join  him. 

General  Jackson  was  not  popular  at  first  with  the  troops  of 
General  Loring.  They  were  devotedly  attached  to  their  com- 
mander, and  were  not  willing  that  he  should  servo  under  Gen- 
eral Jackson;  and  it  was  not  until  they  had  passed  through 
the  glorious  campaign  in  the  Valley,  that  they  were  perfectly 
satisfied  with  their  new  general.     After  that,  ;  lings 

j'd  to  undergo  a  complete  change,  and*not  even  the  1  r< 
of  the  old  "Stonewall brigade,"  were  more  devotedly  attached 
to  him  than  were  "Loring's  men." 

While  engaged  in  preparing  his  forces  for  active  operations, 
General  Jackson,  on  the  17th  of  December,  destroyed  Dam 
No.  5,  on  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal ;  thus  disabling  the 
canal  and  depriving  the  city  of  Washington  of  the  supplies 
which  were  sent  to  it  by  that  route. 

About  the  close  of  the  year  1861,  General  .{act  army 

numbered  ten  thousand  men.  The  enemy  had  collected  f 
at  the  towns  of  Bath  in  Morgan  county,  and  Romney  in  Hamp- 
shire county,  from  which  points  they  committed  numerous  dep- 
redations upon  the  surrounding  country.  General  Jackson 
resolved  to  drive  them  from  these  places  and  free  the  country 
from  their  presence. 

On  the  1st  of  January  1362,  he  left  Winchester  with  his 
forces  and  took  the  road  to  Romney.  Having  proceeded  a 
distance,  he  wheeled  to  the  right  and  marched  towards 
Morgan  county.  The  weather  was  very  warm  and  the  roads 
dusty  on  the  first  day  ;  the  second  day  was  very  cold,  and  as, 
the  road  was  not  in  good  order,  the  wagons  were  unable  to 
keep  up  with  the  army,  and  the  men  were  forced  that  night  to 
lie  out  upon  the  ground  without  any  covering  or  any  thing  to 
eat.     On  the  morning  of  the  third  day,  '.'aim- up, 

and  the  troops  were  allowed  a  jdiort  time  to  cook  provisions 
and  partake  of  food.     As  soon  as  this  was  done,  they  set  out 


% 


I 

■ 

I 
■. 

: 
- 

in  in 
the  had  no 

.  ovcrco: 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  39 

cold,  sank  clo^u  in  their  and- had  to  be  carried  to  the 

men,  in  i 
froze  to  tli. 

3  heard. 
Ou  Sund 

-  town  of  i  I 
leoted  a 

.  -        to 
the  authoril 
the  ^ 

. 

I :  i  r-* 
tio.  % 

who  had 

mo- 

up 
la 

Oa 
•  from   before  the 

co  of 

R 

Hearing  that  Gen 
appro-  .  Ith 


liei  ,;e:;eral 

I.     Ge1        I  ••        ion  pressed  on  and 

inal   intention  of  General  Kelley,  when   he 
.ouch,  to  del 
and  he  i  ders  to  that  effect.     But  his   troops  be- 

i    >lent  panic  as  soon  as  f  the 

oewal] ;"'  and   ( teneri  1  Kelley, 
ble  to  make  them  fight,  was  forced  to  rel 
The  leflei  als  abandoned  a  large  amount  of  stores  of  various 
id  left  behind  them  all  the  official  papers  of  their  ad- 
nt-general.     From  these  papers  much  valuable  information 
was  General  Jackson   held  Romney  until  the  6th  of 

February,  when  he  evacuated  it  and  ret  .  ter. 

The  terrible  sufferings  endured  by  the  tro^fe  in  this  expedi- 
tion, sons  to  regard  the   course  pursued  by 
••General  Jackson  as  unnecessary,  and  ho  was,  for  a  time,  the 
object  of  much  censure.     But  the  results  of  th  r,tion, 
the  facts  which  time  has  revealed,  prove  incontestibb 

nder<  d   ne    issary  by. the  cfrcumstancos  in  which  he 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad  was  the  great 

connecting  link  between  the  East  and  the  West;    and  the 

United  Si  itiea  were  using  it  to  transport  troops  to 

;tion  of  a  portion    of  this 
road,    in<  bridge,  caused   the   enemy  to 

adoji  circuitous  route  through  ereby 

inconveni  Two  large  and  ia^*: 

delivered  for  a  time  from  the  thralaoH 
nemy  and  the  demoralizing  influence  of  their  armies; 
lied  from  their  plundering  and  destructive  acts  of  barba- 
rity and  villainy,  and  confidence  restored  in  the  power  and 
>f  the  government  to  give  protection  to  its  citizens. 
^,A.s<-  was  inflicted  upon  the  enemy,  a  large  amount  of 

kinds  captured,  and  the  enemy  greatly  de- 
moralized, for  the  time,  by  the  sudden  and  successful  march 
of  the  '.lonfedorate  army. 


THOMAS   J.   JACKS02SF2  41 

j 

It  is  true  that  the  troops  of  General  Jackson  suffered  terri- 
bly— that  the  hospital  reports  showed  the  fearful  consequences 
of  the  exposure  and  hardships  which  had  been  undergone  ;  but 
this  could* not  be  avoided:  and  a  calm  consideration  of  the 
matter  will  not  fail  to  convince  any  one  that  the  expedition 
was  a  necessity,  and  bravely  and  skilfully  carried  out,  relieet- 
ingjthe  highe  upon  the  gallant  commander. 

Nothing  ran  better  illustrate  the  perfect  confidena««eposed  • 
in  General  dackson  by  his  troops,  than  the  patient  ana  cheerful 
manner  with  which  they  bore  the  most  trying  hardships  to 
which  they  were  exposed.     Some  of  them  were  without  shoes; 
many  of  them  but  poorly  clad ;  and  nearly  all  without  over- 
okets  or  tents  :   and  yet  they  never  murmured.    They  ' 
vi  , ything  with  the  greatest  cheerfulness.     It  was  enough 
for  them  to  know  that   li  old  Jack"  thought  the  movement  ne- 
cessary.     It  must  not  be  supposed  that  General  Jackson  fared*' 
much  better  than  his  men.     lie  experienced  all  of  the  hard- 
ships to  which  they  were  subjected.     Fatigue,  cold,  exposure 
and  hunger  he  shared  with  them.     Wrapping  himself  up  in 
his  blanket,  he  would  throw  himself  down  upon  the  ground 
and  sleep  as  soundly  as  if  lying  on  a  bed  of  down.     All  that 
uld  do  to  allc>  gs  of  the  men,  he  did  most 

gladly.  Such  heroism  as  was  exhibited  by  both  officers  and 
men  in  this  fearful  march,  has  never  been  surpassed  in  any  age 
of  the  world. 

Having  returned  to  "Winchester,  General   Jackson   allowed 
his  army  a  brief  period  for  rest.      Sickness  and  the  process  of 
ionization  diminished  its  strength  considerably. 

On  the  26th  of  February,  the  federal  army,  some.  20,000 
strong,  under  Major-general  Banks,  crossed  the  lVum.iac  at 
Harpers  Ferry,  and  on  eveninj  i  cavalry 

occupied  Charlestown  in  Jefferson  county.     This  column  w,a» 
or  the  im  Valley  and  the  annihilation  of 

the  little  afmy  under  Uehcral  Jackson.  General  Jackson. 8 
force  had  been   gr.  n  iw  numl 


12  LIEUTENANT-GENERAL    . 

more  than  fiv<  'I  men.     The  army  of  the  Potomac  bad 

fallen  back  from  Centreville  to  the  Rappahannock  rind  K;i]i- 
dan.  and  General  had  no  assurance  of  receiving  as- 

sistance from  any  point.  The  column  under  (Jenaral  Banks 
was  already  nearly  four  times  as  large  as  his  own,  while  the 
forces  of  General  Lander  were  within  three  days  march  of 
Banks,  and  the  federal  army  in  Western  Virginia  could,  when- 

,  ever  it^ftp  found  necessary,  move  into  the  Valley  to  the  sup- 
port oftnc  army  there.  The  position  of  General  Jackson  was 
very  trying,  and  for  awhile  it  seemed  that  his  gallant  little 
army  would  be  overwhelmed  by  the  immense  force  that  was 
movii  ost  it.     All  over  the  country  the   hope  was  ex- 

pressed that  the  government  would  order  GeneralJackson  east 
of  the  mountains,  and  thus  prevent  his  being  sacrificed  in  (what 
was  then  thought)  the  vain  attempt  to  defend  the  Valley.    But 

General  Jackson  himself  was  not  so  despondent.  Believing 
that  the  just  God  in  whom  he  trusted  did  not  always  give  "  I  tie 
buttle  to  the  strong  alone  ;  but  to  the  vigilant,  the  active,  the 
brave,"  he  calmly  awaited  the  enemy's  advance. 

Pausing  a  few  days  %t  Charlcstown,  General  Banks  marched 
to  Martinsburg,  which  place  he  occupied  on  the  3rd  of  March. 
Having  completed  his  arrangements,  he  advanced  upon  Win- 
chester by  the  road  leading  from  Martinsburg  and  also   that 
from  Charlestown.     On  the  11th  of  March  these  two  columns 

m 
■  united  at  a  point  about  six  miles  from  Winchester.  About 

two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day,  the  enemy  ad- 
vanced and  attacked  the  picket  of  A  -hby's  cavalry,  four  miles 
From  the  town.  A  small  reinforcement  was  hurried  to  the  as- 
sistance of  the  cavalry,  but   was  forced   to  retire  before  the 

enemy.      The  whole  confederate  force  was  now  thrown  forward 
and   held   in   readiness  to  engage   the  federals  if  th 
continue  to  advance.      This,  how*     •  ;\  G<  ncral   Banks  dci 
doing,  and  nothing  further  occurred  during  the  day.     Late  in 
the  day.  General  Jackson  received  an  order  from  the  govern- 
airing  him  to  evacuate  Wit  r,  and  retire  up  the 


« 


THOMAS    J.    ACKSON.  43 

Valley.  With  great  regret,  he  drew  off  his  troops  and  retired 
into  the  town.     lie  at  once  comi  to  remove  the  stores, 

baggage  and  other  public  property.  This  was  successfully  ac- 
complished, and  not  one  dollar's  worth  of  the  public  property 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  At  last  all  was  ready,  and 
General  Jackson,  leaving  Colonel  Ashby  to  cover  his  retreat 
with  the  cavalry,  slowly  retired  from  the  town.  He  bivouaced 
that  night  about  four  miles  from  Winchester. 

At  eight  o'clock  the  next  morning  eight  thousaflft  federal 
troops  marched  imo  Winchester  and  took  possession  of  the 
town.  Colonel  Ashby  remained,  sitting  on  his  horse,  in  the 
Main  street,  until  the  head  of  the  enemy's  column  came  within 
,a  short  distance  of  him,  and  then  rode  out  of  the  town  and 
rejoined  his  command.  In  the  afternoon  a  federal  column 
under  General  Shields  advanced  towards  Newtown.  They 
were  met  and  driven  back  to  Winchester  by  Colonel  Ashby's 
command.  During  the  same  day.  General  Jackson  continued 
his  retreat  until  he  reached  Cedar  creek,  on  the  Valley  turn- 
pike, sixteen  miles  from  Winchester,  and  two  from  Strasbur 
Shortly  afterwards  he  continued  to  retire  up  the  Valley  until 
he  reached  Mount  Jackson,  a  strong  position  in  Shenandoah 
county. 

The  enemy  remained  in  Winchester  a  short  time  longer,  pre- 
paring for  the  campaign,  which  was  about  to  open,  and  while 
there  committed  numerous  and  infamous  outrages  both  in  the 
town  and  the  surrounding  country.  When  he  had  completed 
his  arrangements.  General  Banks  left  Winchester  and  advanced 
up  the  Valley  in  the  direction  of  General  Jackson's  army.  The 
iiemy  was  vastly  superior  to  that  of  the  confede- 
.  and  it  was  necessary  that  this  advance  should  be  checked, 
and  that  as  speeilily  as  possible.  Seeing  the  importance  of 
this,  and  resolving  to  strike  a  sudden  and  powerful  blow  at  the 
enemy  and  to  cripple  his  moven  I     neral  Jackson  left  his    I 

position  at  Mount  Jackson,  which  he  had  just  readied,  and 
moved  rapidly  towards  the  enemy. 


44 

lieving  that  Ashby's  cavalr  in  front 

of  him,  and  thai  ;>*  fight  hitn 

Far  from  the  support  of  the  main  the  eon: 

am  era!  Banks  turned  oveT  the  command  o 

to   General   Shields   and  si  r  Washington.      General 

Shields  eisurely  up  th  Sunday 

.    28d  of   March,   encountered    General    • 

The  first  day's  march  of  I  iy,  was  from 

Mount   Jackson  to    Cedar   creek — twentyTix    miles.      On  tl 

•:  of  the  22d  of  Marc  ime 

up  with  the  federal   pickets  and  began  a  Bkirmi  ih  With  thei 

which  continued  during  th  xtmorni 

of  March,  Gen<  ral  Ji  ■  ten 

lock  arrived  in  front  of  the  federal  po  ition  a1  .vn. 

^The  enemy  were  advantageously  posted  on  a  rising  .  and 

their  force  numbered  betwe  and  twei.  nd 

men,  and  a  number  of  fine  field  batteries.  The  force  that  General 

Jackson  carried  into  the" fighjl  aenand 

four  batteries  of  artillery.  r  with  A 

G  Ids   had  been  wounded  in  the  arm,  bv  a  fr 

•  -A 

ment  of  a  shell,  on  the  itinued   in 

d  of  the  field  during  the   bi  ttle.     Genera]  Hanks  ar- 
rived while  the'  en  twelve 

moved  forward  and  opened  a 

heavy   lire   upon   the  ivhich   replied  with 

spirit.      This  artillery  duel  was  continued  until  four  o'clock  in 
noon — the  infantry  of 

.dually  moving  to  the  left.     A'    ■  I   half-past  Four 

ick,  General   Shields  irward  a  heavy  column  to- 

Is  the  confederate 
the  -\.-:  -.xnd  tj^e, 

ing    until  e  within  short  range,  openea  a 

rapid  and  desl  o  la  11  bac*k 

with  d   nine   they  advai  .e  driven 


* 


JACKSON.    *  1-. 

headlong  down  the  hill  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  Having 
received  large  reinforcements,  the  enemy  made  a  third  attempt 
to  carry  the  confederate  left,  but  were  again  repulsed.  Gene- 
ral Jackson  now  ordered  the  "Stonewall  brigade.'"  (reduced 
by  reorganization  and  losses  to  almo  re  handful.)  to  the 

assistance  of  the  regiments  on  Ills  left,  and  these  hardy  vete- 
rans arriving  on  the  ground  just  as  the  enemy  made  their  fourth 
attack,  drove  thorn  back  in  confusion.  During  the  battle  the 
enemy  advanced  to  obtain  possession  of  a  stone  wall  in  a  cer- 
tain portion  of  thG  field,  from  which  they  would  be  enabled  to 
pour  a  destructive  fire  into  the  Soutbern  ranks.  Perceiving 
this,  General  Jackson  at  once  ordered  a  regiment  to  secure  the 
wall  before  the  enemy  could  reach  it.  A  most  exciting  race 
ensued.  The  oonfederates  were  the  first  to  arrive  at  the  wall, 
and  dropping  on  tbeir  knees  and  sheltering  themselves  behind 
it,  poured  volley  after  volley  into  the  ranks  of  the  enem; 
forced  thorn  to  fly  in  disorder.  The  battle  *ragcd  hotly  until 
dark,  General  Jackson  successfully  holding  his  position.  At 
nightfall  the  tiring  on  both  sides  ceased. 

Having  accomplished  all  that  he  wished,  and  knowing  the 
impossibility  of  defeating  such  a  large  force  of  the  enemy. 
General  Jackson  decided  to  fall  back  to  Cedar  creek,  where  he 
could  occupy  a  strong  position,  and  successfully  resist  the  ad- 
vance of  the  enemy  should  they  endeavor  to  continue  their 
march  up  the  Valley.  The  army  was  withdrawn  during  the 
night  to  a  point  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  battle  field.  Two 
guns  and  four  andoned,  on  account  of  the  lack 

of  means  to  remove  them.  The  confederate  loss  was  about 
100  killed,  2Q0  wounded  and  800  prisoners.  Most  of  the 
wounded  were  carried  oft'  up  the  Valley.  Those  who  could 
id,  together  with  the  dead,  were  left  upon  the 
field.  The  enemy's  loss  was  much  heavier,  and  although  not 
definitely  known,  has  been  estimated  at  1,500.  It  was  cer- 
tainly very  great.     During   the  battle,  General  Jacl 

-1  great  gallantry,  and  led  one  or  two  charges  in  pel 


4(j  S  \  NT-GENERAL 

The  enemy,  as  u-ual.  el.-  have  \\n]i  ;i  great  vicl 

and  their  papers   were  idled  with. sTOounts  of  I  errible 

punishment    inflicted  upon   the  rcl  The  facts,  however, 

furnish  ample  proofs  of  the  falsity  of  th  i  tn.     General 

Jackson  held  his  position  until  the  clo§<  of  the  fight,  withdrew 
in  perfect  order,  passed  the  night  in  ii  irhood  of  the 

field,  and  retired  up  the  Valley  unm 

General  Shields  in  liis  report,  which  if  shameful  peiv 

hi  of  the  truth,  claims  to  have  won  a  great  victory,  but 
makes  the  following  acknowledgment : 

"  The  enemy's  sufferings  have  been  terrible,  and  such  a>  they 
have  nowhere  else  endured  Bmce  the,  beginning  of  this  war ; 
and  yet  such  were  their  gallantry  and  high  state  of  discipline, 
that  at  no  time  during  the  battle  or  pursuit  did  they  give  way 
to  panic." 

On  the  morning  of  the  24th,  General  Jackson  fell  back 
slowly  to  Strasburg.  The  enemy  made  no  attempt  at  pursuit, 
but  contented  themselves  with  watching  him  safely  out  of  the 
neighborhood,  and  then  themselves  fell  hack  to  Winchester, 
and  blocked  the  road  between  that  pi, (re  and  Strasburg,  to  pre- 
vent General  Jackson  from  advancing  upon  them  again. 

The  blow  inflicted  upon  the  invading  army  was  most  effectual, 
idvance  was  checked,  and  for  several  weeks  it  was  com- 
pelled to  pause  and  reorganize  before  it  could  resume  hostile 
operations.  This  delay  was  highly  advantageous  to  Genera] 
Jackson.  From  Strasburg  he  retired  to  Mount  Jackson,  and 
immediately  set  aboul  reorganizing  his  army.  Reinforcements 
were  sent  to  him,  and  he  was  soon  ready  for  service  again. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  General  Jackson  first  exhibited, 
in  a  remarkable  degree,  that  wonderful  rapidity  of  movement 
for  which  he  afterwards  became  so  celebrated.  His  army  had 
just  reached  Mount  Jackson  after  a  weary  march  of  forty-six 

miles,  when  he  was   informed  that    the    enemy   was   advancing 

up  the  Valley.     This  was  on  the  22d  of  March.     Determining 

heck  their  movement  -,  he  wheeled  about,  and  by  a  forced 


fr   W 


march  of  forty  miles  reached  Kernstown  the  next  day,  struck 
a  powerful  blow  at  Hanks'  army,  and  within  the  next  thirty-six 
hours  was  again  at  Mount  Jackson.* 

It  was  the  design  of  the  confederate  authorities,  after  the 
army  of  General  Johnston  was  moved  to  the  Peninsula  to  meet 
McClellan,  that  General  Jackson  should  remain  in  the  Y; 
hold  Banks  in  check,  and  be  ready,  if  necessity  should  require 
it,  to  move  to  the  assistance  of  General  Johnston.  To  this  cud 
he  was  slightly  reinforced.  General  Jackson,  however,  had 
other  and  more  extensive  designs. 

After  having  reorganized  his  forces  and  completed  his  ar- 
rangements, Genera]  Hanks  moved  out  of  Winchester,  and  ad- 
vancing leisurely  up  the  Valley,  occupied  the  village  of  Edin- 
hurg  a  few  miles  from  Mount  Jackson.  Soon  after  this  he 
advanced  towards  the  confederate  position.  General  Jackson 
was  not  yet  ready  to  fight  him,  so  he  retired  slowly  before  him 
as  far  as  Harrisonburg  in  Rockingham  county.  Here  he 
wheeled  abruptly  to  the  left,  and  marching  east,  occupied 
Swift  run  gap,  a  pass  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  on  the  eastern  border 
of  Rockingham  county.  This  position  was  one  of  great 
strength,  and  could  have  been  held  successfully  against  any 
force  which  the  enemy  could  bring  against  it.  It  enabled 
General  Jackson  either  to  advance  upon  the  enemy  and  offer 
them  battle,  to  interpose  his  forces  between  Banks  and  the 
town  of  Staunton  or  the  Central  railroad,  to  prevent  their 
passing  cast  of  the  Blue  Ridge  unmolested,  or  to  move  his 
force  to  Richmond  if  necessary. 

General  Banks  advanced  cautiously  as  far  as  Harrisonburg, 
and  occupied  the  town.     «IIe  threw  forward  a  small  portion  of 

*  The  surprising  rapidity  with  which  he  moved,  soon  became  an  univer- 
sal theme  of  conversation,  and  gave  rise  to  many  amusing  incidents.  Upon 
one  occasion  a  wag  remarked  that  "Stonewall  Jackson  was  a  better  leader 
than  Moses;"  and  upon  being  asked  his  reason  for  this  assertion,  replied 

[I  took  Moses  fortj  3 1  brough  the  - 

while  Jackson  would  have  '  double-quicked  '  them  through  it  in  ti 


r* 


;it   skirmishing 
and  the  • 
■   affairs  west  of  wle  mmintainssceraed  21 
critical  ever j  moment.     In  fro-,  Jackson 

■my  of  G  Banks,  in  numbers  vastly  superior  to 

wn,  while  the  advance  of  Fr<  i 

ing  heavily  upon  the  small  force  uncli  rBriga- 
dier-gi  Edward  Johnston^  wWfcb  ww  retiring  in  the  direct 

tion  of  Staunton.     Fremont  was  evidently  advancing  for  the 
purpose  of  entering  the  Valley  arid  assisting 

act    promptly  ;  m  ;it 

m  a  plan,  the  conception  of  wtiich  was  only 

equalled  by  the  brilliancy  of  its  executiofi.     He  determined 

to  leave  General  Ewell  with  his  divi  h  the  enemy, 

while  with  the  remainder  of 'the  army  he  would  i 

nton,  and  at  a  suitable  moment   fall  upon  I  's  ad- 

vanced column  under  General  Milroy,  drive  it  back,  and  then 
returning,    would   re-unite   his  forces  with   those  of  Gel 
Ewell,  and  drive  i  at  of  the  Valley. 

Wishing   to  unite  nis  command  with  that  of  General 
mont,  Genera]  the  4th  of  May,  evacuated  Harrison- 

and   fell  back   to  a  point  lower  d  Valley  :  thus 

giving  General  Jackson  more  freedom  in  the  execution  of  his 
plan  of  operations. 

rapidlj  oeral  Jackson,  on  the 

evening  of  the  T-':  of  May,  united  his   fore..-  with   tho 
ral  Edward  Johnston,  four  miles  west  of  Buffalo  gap, 
fourteen  from  Staunton.     This  movement  wa 
.Milroy  had  hi  it,  and  was  falling  back  bi  fore  the  com- 

bined <  Jackson  and  Johnston.     The  next  da; 

pf  May,  the  army  was  pushed  forward  and  came  up  with  Mil- 
al   the  vill  cl  county. 

Her.  had  halted,  ;  to  be  reinforced  thai 

by  <  r<  ueral   Fremont.     Ui  or  him.  1"    i  -  :   ] 

pointed  in  thai       ,        ition. 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON. 


ral 


The  enemy's  force  numbered  8,000  men.     That  of  Generel 

Jack-  i   to  it.      The  federal^   occupied  the 

^pwn -,of  McDowcli,  Ad  jflith   their  artillery  commanded  the 

turnpike,  (the  only  dijJctapproach  to  the   place,)   which  just 

',  runs  through  a  narrow  mountain 
:i  r^ronuoiterifl£  their  position,  General  J&< 
foljtf  i'ur:  ;;   wbuld  require  ;  g.vnt  sacrifice  of  Irs  men  to  ad- 
p  upon  the  tcfcni^R  the  lumpike,  and  at  once  resolved  to 
occupy  one  of  rafe  hill-  in^ie  neighborhood,  from   which   he 
■  raid  i    mmand  the  federal  position.      Accompanied   by  Gene- 
al   -  ..  ret  onnoisance  of  Sutlington'a   hill, 

which    he    de  y.      General    Milroy  observing 

this,  l'esolvdvjo  ; 

rpi'     nv.  \--    f  ff  u    ;;1  Johnston  were  ordered  to  occupy  the 
hill  al  once,  anwsueceeded  in  doing  so.     Th 

1   :'nd  Connor,  and  ;  I 
■   i  rmed  facing  the  I  sott  on 

the  left  and  Coij  rij  'it.     Wishing  to  d 

■otj^  f>  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  i  Colo- 

nel ;•  irt  to  turn 

,mm  ihe  battle  had  fairly  opened,   Colonel  Connor 
brcug:  ;  ty   ids  brigade  to  the  assi  tance  of  Colonel  Scott,  and 
fornied  his  line  at  right  angles  to  the  pi 
order  ncmy  from  outflanking  Rim.      Soon 

th<k  1  !gan5   General   Taliaferro' b    brigade   of   General 

brought  into  action  to  the  relief  of  their 
flic: . 

The   battle  ended  at  9  o'clock  at  nicdit,  t'  \  having 

back  at  all    points.      The   confederate   loss   was 
ed  killed,  wound  .      General 

the  gallant  C 

of  the  ! 

.    The 
army  remained  on  the  field  during  the  night. 

iy  i  he  next  morning  il  n  .  ered  thai 

7 


50  LIK1 

had  abandoned  the  town   an<4  fle^^wattls  Pendleton  county. 

hfp|9ni<l  pursued  tin ■: 
far  as  Franklin.      II   re  the  cuoml|^fcai^fc>rccd  by  thet»opsgf 

■  nt.  halted  and  bcgan^u  fortify  their  posit 
The  j  ursuit  here  ended.  *# 

The    results    of  this   oxpeditioifowcrc  ^n  bifcry  way  sati 
Km  in  ■ill's  advaneed  cuqjs  had   breu   defeat*^,  f|< 
march    checked.      lie  had    S#ffiq|-ed  ii^k/rff^oi: 

ammunition,  .^0u  Enfield  >JpL and  ^Ji/iie  mus- 
60  1"  7")  cavalry  saddle*,  and  a  hire     >, 
The  country  was  painfully  e$d]Jfcwi(h^M*diAhe  threa t- 
ect  of  affairB  west  of  th 
were  turned   towards  the   gallant   army  in  th 
in  vain  to  pierce  the  gloom   that   seemed  io  ovcr.-hadow  them. 
The  first  gleam  of  light   that   came  ovcr-t^je  oistant   hills,  was 
the  news  of  the  victory  at  McDowell,  wlych  was  an^punced  by 
General  Jackson  in  the  following  grace fl^p  and  eliamoteri.-tie 

despatch :  •  • 

Vamkv  P  1.  "I 

\'ni  lS t n u 

To  GmeralS.  Cooper:  God  blessed  our  arras  with   viutoi^at    McDgpeeli 

yester  —M  '     ^_ 

T.  J.  J kcKnwjTWr  mtoa\. 

■  a  small  force  to  watch  the  enemy,  <  teneral  Ja>  I 
to   the   SJienandoah  mom 
it,  marched  rapidly  to    Harrisonburg,  where   he   reuB 
his    ■  including    General    10 'ward    Johnstifr' 

which  he  had  brought  with  him),  with  those  of  Generfl  E*rell. 
The  first   part. of  the    plan    had   been    carried  out  with  SUQ 
and  (J  meral  Jackson   now   resplved   to  turn  his  attention  to 
al  Banks,  whose  position  in  the  Valley  invited  an  attack. 
•  [   officer  had  committed  the  great  error  of  dividing  bis 
forces,  and  thus  enabling  General  Jackson  to  attack   them  in 
detail.     While  Jackson   was  busy  with   Milroy,   Shields  had 
d  through  the  Pdue  Eftidge  and  effected  a  junction  with 
Greneral  McDowell  at  Fredericksburg.     Thin  weakened  Banks' 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  "  I 

\s  ol" 


column  by  8, GOO  -  teries^f  i  :  but 

still  the  remainder  of  his  fo  much  larger  than  General 

Jackson's  entire  army.  A  force  of  several  regiments  was 
stationed  at  Frjfc  Royal*,  eighteen  miles  from  "Winchester, 
while  the  main  column,  numbering  from  twelve  to  fourteen 
thousand  men.  was  be!  ween  Stuasburg  and  Winches! 

Perceiving  the  error  committed  by  General   Banks  and  re- 
[ng  to  profit)  }jf  it,  Geieral  Jack, -mi  moved  for. 
tack  him  at  once.      General  Ewell  was  ordered  to  fail  upon  the 
force  at  Front  Royal,  while  General  Jackson,  witli  the   I 
the  I  aid  iiifei'jm.e  between  Sir:.  ad   that   point, 

thus  cutting  off  all  communication  between  the  two  columns  of 
the  federal  army,  and  rendering  them  powerless  to  a 
other.      After   tjic   capture  of  the   force  at   Front  Royal,  the 
combined  army  would    fall   upon   Banks  and  drive   him  out  of 
the  Valley. 

On  the  23d  of  May.  General  Ewell's  division  reached  Front 
Royal.  The  enemy  had  here  a  force  <»f  several  regiments, 
which  occupied  a  strong  position.  General  Ewell  made  a- 
vigorous  attack  upon  them  and  soon  drove  them  from  their 
position,  capturing  the  1st  Maryland  (U.  S.)  regiment  of  in- 
fantry and  the  2nd  Vermont  cavalry — in  all  about  1,500  men — 
and  a  section  of  artillery. 

While  this  was  going  on,  General  Banks  was  at  Strasburg. 
oon  as  he  heard  of  the  capture  of  Front  Royal,  he  broke 
up  bis  camp  and  retreated  rapidly  to  Winchester.  The  forces 
of  Generals  Jackson  and  Ewell  having  formed  a  junction  with 
i  each  other,  the  army  was  hurried  forward  in  pursuit  of  Banks, 
and  on  the  morning  of  the  24th.  came  up  with  him  at  Middlc- 
tqprn  between  Strasburg  and  Winchester.  Hurling  his  forces 
upon  the  federal  column,  General  Jackson  pierced  its  centre, 
and  forcing  the  wings  apart,  drove  them  in  confusion  from  the 
field;  one  wing  retreating  towards  Strasburg  and  the  other 
towards  Winchester.     Detaching  General  Taylor's  brigade  to 

rnn>u-'  th'l   portion  of  the  eueTOj    which  had  lb'd  Wma-iTip 


burg,    G  3m  i   in  pursuit   of  the. other. 

with  the  enemy,  and  by  a  vigo- 

moralieation, 

tem  and  took  mai  dfc  .      % 

.'  the  cavalry  ahea 

al  Jackson  hurri(  i  with  the  infantry 

and  artillery.     General  Banks  was  with  the  wing  of  his  army 

that  ■J,-i«l  fled  towards  Winchester.     Ail  aipirg  the  road  the 

away  their  ari 

thing  that  could  encumber  them  in  I  were 

road  and  abandpnj  ur.Ht.     Pi  were 

n   by   the  confederates  at  every  hundred  yards,  and   the 

greatest  terr"or  and  confusion  marked  the  enemy!  A: 

the  neighborhood  of  Winchester  was  reached,  and   here 

the  pursuit  ended  for  thetoight. 

he  morning  of  the  25th,  General  Jackson  ad- 
vanced upon  the  enemy,  who,  having  rallied  during  the  night, 
end-  i  ad  a  short  distance  outside  of  Win- 

er.    The  was  brief,  but  The  enemy 

to  burn   in    their  The 

ursuit 

of  th  atinued.  tinsburg, 

General  !  e  at  Wjll  .  and  re- 

into  Mi  eneral  Jackson  pursued  him  t< 

.  where  he  halted.     Send  in  ion  of  his  army  to 

Martinsburg  to  capture  I  I        and  destroy  the  Balti- 

and  Ohio  railroad,  he  moved  with   the  remainder  of  the 

y,  which  he  oecu- 

of  May,  driving  the  I  forces  thtje 

The  plan  of  (ieinral  Jackson  had  been 

entirely  i  il.     Bank  had  been  driven  out  of  Vir- 

ginia  witl  -  in  killed  and  wounded  and  about  3,000 

.  General  Jackson  captured  ten 
*  of  arms,  twelve  pieces  of  artiller;  indredj 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  58 

Backs  of  sal!,  four  hjindrer!  wagons,  a  large  nutrttcr  of  hi 
one   hundred   thousand   dollars'   wortrl%f  nH&ia»ics,  hospital 
stores,  surgicaj  instruments  and  luxuries  fojRffe  sick,  and  com- 
missary and    quartermaster   stores    in    abuncftrn'ec.      A  pa' 

tores  had  to  be  destroyed,  but  the  greater  portion  General 
Jackson  brought  off  in  safety. 

]Le  annouuced  Ids  success  to  the  government  as  follows/ 

Wi  ih. 

To  G  die   l:i?t   three  il.-iv -  -  lessed  our 

arms  with  hrillianl  succ>ss.  On  Frjday  the  federals  B.1  Fr  ni  Royal  were 
I  one  section  of  artillery  in  addition  to  many  priso  ler  .  cap- 
tured. On  JS.mirdBk-j&nnks'  main»4tluiun,  whiKr  retreating^from  Slras- 
burg  to  Winchester,  was  pierced  ;  jne  rife  part  retreating  towards  Stras- 
burg.     On  Sunday  thewther  part  wasjfouTed  al  .   At  Last  accounts 

Br^adier-general   George  II    &tuari    was   pjfrssiog  them  with  cavalry  and 
artillery,  and  capturing  many.  amount  of  ordnance,  medical  and 

other  stores  have  fallen  into  our  hand-. 

T.  J.  Jackson,  Major-genera^ 

The  defeat  of  General  Banks'  army  and  its  flight  lint 
land.  the  approach  of^jreneral  Jackson  to  the 

Potomac,  threw  the  government  *and  people  of  the  \ 
States  into  a  fever  of  excitement.  The*^lest  rumors  pre- 
vailed every  where  that  General  Jackson  was  advancing  upon 
Washington  and  that  the  city  was  in  great  danger.  The  fede- 
ral secretary  of  war  telegr^hefc  to  the  governor  of  Massa- 
l  all  the  troops  forward  that  you  can  immedi- 
ately. Banks  completely  routed.  *  *  *  *  Intelligence 
from  various  quarter's  leaves  no  doubt  that  the  enemy  in  great 
force  are  advancing  Bpon  Washington.  You  will  please  or- 
ganize and  forward  immediacy  all  the  volunteer  and  militia 
force  in  your  state. 

A  '.'  f  perfect    terror    prevailed  every  where.      Men 

wore  long  and  anxious  face-:  and  the  questions,  "  Wh 
Jack  •Has  he   taken   Washington?''   were  upon 

-  The  f<>ree  at  Fredefticksburg   was   intended   to   be   ma 


arrival  of  the  r 

era!  ,"-'!. eld>),Jfco|^<>in  we(,'lellai!,  who  wi  0  e    Etich- 

It'  tlii.-  hftti   been  done,  it  would  have  caused  a  great 

iiiv,  if  not  real  misfortune  to  the  confederate  army 

at  that  place.      But  no  sooner   had   the  m  ws  of  Jackson's  ad- 

the  PotHR^eaehed  "'"  '  hi,  than  ( J eiicral 

Meflbwell  was  wit lulraliw^m  the  Uappahayinockand  hroiight 

hington  for  Che  defence  of  the  c  Fr.i  mont 

rrdered  to  move  his  from  Western  Virginia  across 

the   mountains   and  unite  them  .  icral 

Shields,  which  was  to  move  up  from  McDowell'4  army,  ; 

.;•!:  the  Blue  liidge  and  nt^et  him  in  tin-  Valley.  This 
would  throw  a  strong  forcedih  Jaekson"  reatf  and  while  he  was 
endeavoring  to  elude  or^efeat  it,  a  third  c  in  would  m^o 
forward  from  the  Potomac  and  hem  him  in. 

General   Jackson's    army   had.    Within    the    brier   period   of 

v-two  days,  marched  from  Staunton  to  McDowell,  where 

a  batl  een  fought,  thence  to  Franklin,  thence  over  the 

Shenandoah  mountains  to  Harrisonburg,  and  thence  down  the 

Valley  to  the  Potomac,  engaging  the  enemy  nearly  all  the  way 

betwivii    the    l:;.-t    two    p.»int. in  all  a  distance  of  nearly  two 

hundr  miles,  and  was  greatly  in  need  of  rest.     In 

ion  to  this,  it  Was  burdened  with  an  enormous  train,  con- 
taining th  ,ured  fVim  itoc  cneifly. 

It  was  in   this   condition   that  Gen  heard   that 

Fremont    and    Shields    were   advancing   rapidly  to  cut  off  his 

t   up-  the  V&lley.     It  was   necessarj^to  move   with   the 

speed  in  order  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  intercepting 

him.     His 'position  was  never,  d%-ing  his  continuance  in  the 

Valley,  as  critical  as  at  the  present  moment,  and  he  was  never 

hecrful  and  undaunted  than  now  when  tjje  clouds  seemed 

gathering  so  darkly  around  him.     If  he  comkl  reach  Strasburg 

befor<   G  *    emont,  who  was  hastening  towards  that  porntj 

aid  be  able  to  send  his  train  and  prisoners  up  the  Valley 

in  safety,  and  to*  turn  upon  Fremont  if  he  desired  to  do  ap. 


TIIOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  55 

Wheeling  his  army  about,  General  Jackson  left  tke  Poto- 
mac late  in  the  day  on  the  30th  of  May.  His  line  (including 
his  wagons  and  prisoners)  was  twelve  miles  long.  The  fatigue 
which   the   men    had   undergone    in    the   pursuit  ■  had 

greatly  exhausted  them,  hut  no  sooner  did  they  know  that 
"  Old  Jack"  thought  it  necessary  to  retreat  with  speed,  than 
fatigue  was  forgo; ten,  and  they  pushed  on  cheerfully.  Du- 
ring the  march,  General  Jackson  was  informed  that  Fremont 
was  pressing  hotly  upon  him,  and  accordingly  increased  his 
speed.  »  4$ 

The  march  of  the  two  armies  to  Strasburg,  was  literally  a 
race  between  them.  At  last  Strasburg  was  reached  on  the  i  -< 
of  Ji#e;  the  army  having  marched  since  lateon  tho  30th  of 
May,  (a  day  and  a  hall.)  a  distance  of  fifty  miles,  burdened 
with  an  immense  train  of  mrteen  hundred  wagons,  a  large  pirk 
of  artillery  and  over  three  thousand  prisoner*      This  v,  ] 

march,  together  with  their  other  movements,  gained  for  the 
troops  the  title  of  "  Jackson's  fbot  cavalry."    , 

Wl|en    General  .{fecks. on   entered   Strasburg,   the   advarna  d 
de  of  Fremont's    army   was   almost   within   sight  of  the 
town.     Determining  to   check   his  progress^  General  Jar 
halted  the  main  body  of  his  anny,  and  moving  forward  with  a 
small  portion,   came  up  with  F  .    •,:      engaging 

advanced  gun  ;  elled    it   to   retire  and  halt  for  the 

night.      During  the   n  army  left  Strasburg  and   con- 

tinued the  retreat  up  the  Valley^*  The  next  day  Fremont  en- 
tered the  town,  and  finding  tfia  my  had  ■ 
him  the   slip,  pushed  on   in  pursuit  of  tliem.      This  was  Mon- 
day, the  2nd  of  June.                    ^             *•  ^.  #91 

A   new    Uaiujcr    now    threatened   General   J  While 

Fremont  was  pressing  on   with   $fr#l   in ^Mkf^t^  he  was  in- 
formed fhai  the  colitfcn«of  General  Shields,-  which  had  i: 
u]i  from  Frederick  :  the  Blue  llidge,  and  was 

at  Lurav  in  Page  county,  thus  occupying#a  position  which 
WOUJfd   enable  it  to  fall   upon  General  Jackson's   Left  flank  and 


t£  inconvenience.     To  avoid  this  column,  it  was 

li  with  greater  spci  d  and  get  in  front  of  it, 

and  G  •  re.-olved  to  do.      Day  and  night  he 

on,  rarely  halting  for  food  or  I 

1  tfiniuhc  retreat,  the  niai'  of  the  army  wa*  prdtected  by 

iry.  and  a  small  force  of  infantry,  u  e  cnlvalric 

A-iii)V — now;;  br  ..neral.      Daily  skinnishi»g  occurred 

id  the  enemy — the    latter   always   being 

repulse 

On  tin  of  the  ito-of  June,  the  aripy  reached  Har- 

ris lit  now  made  a  bold  dash  at  Jackson's  rear, 

ii  tween  his  I 
mand  of  General   Ashby.     The   en^my  were  greatly  ^ 
in  unnih..  rs,  hut  were  driven  back^vith  a  heavy  loss.     In  dps 
ral  A>hby  was  killed!^  ^ 

a  aband 
tdf#Mfcrp:k'\  and  wheeling  to  the  loir,  marched  to   Port  Ra- 
il  lie,  a  little,  villa. 
I  and  [five  tTu 
The  town  of  Pert  Republic  is  situated  at  the  conllieni 
the  >i>utl*%nd  S^uth  rivers,  which  form  the  Sht'nandi.ah  ;   the 

and  the  latter  north.      On  the 
••8hen  i.  Kt  Kepubfie  army  of 

;ve   thousand  nieii.  and 
on  the  west  side  wi  enorals  Fremont,  (about 

twenty  tfctousand  strong),  ;*yd  Jajcksun.     The  Shenandoah  and 
lj%ih  of  jjs  t^jjfctaHlpl'#ere  greiiUy  swollen,  and  could  uot   be 
lint  but  at    I'ort  Republic.     The   position   of 
General  J^fafllV '■  but  he  resolved  to  take 

advantage  o§^tli0«  ay-ann  attaek   its 

Columns  >ep<ratel«.befo«^rp|iy  could  unite  against  bun.    Gene- 
ral  1-Veiiiont  had  60  dent 

in  than  Turner  .'■ 

.>  lion,  :ivA  -  i 


ii:-.  a  iittle.  village  twelve%iiles  distant,  "wpere  be  resolved 

It  and  give  the  en<  my  battle. 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  57 

of  defeating  General  Jackson.  His  military  career  had  been 
throughout  the  war  so  very  unsuccessful,  that  his  only  hope  of 
le  favor  of  his  government,  lay  in  defeating  Jack- 
son. The  confederate  army  reached  the  west  bank  of  the 
Shenandoah,  opposite  Port  Republic,  late  on  the  night  of  the 
Ttli  of  June.  The  army  halted  there,  and  General  Jackson, 
fcaff  and  several-  officers  crossed  over  to  Port  Republic, 
where  they  spent  the  night. 

Early  in  the  morning,  on  the  8th  of  June,  the  cavalry  and 
a  section  of  artillery  from  General   .Shields'  army  entered  the 
town.     Hastily  mounting  his  horse.  General  Jackson,  accom- 
panied by  his  staff,  rode  towards  the  bridge  by  which  he  had 
fell  the  river  the  night  before.     Upon  reaching  it  ho  found 
ry  had  taken  i  ;i  of  it,  and  planted  a  piece 

of  artillery  to  sweep  it  in  order  to  prevent  his  troops  from  cross- 

upon  it.     Nothing  daunted  by  this  unpleasant  d 
General  Jackson  rode  up  boldly  to  the  officeAin  command  of 
the  gun,  and  asked  sternly  : 

"  Who  told  ;  ace  this  gun  here,  sir  ?     Remove  it  and 

plant  it  on  yonder  hill  I 

As  he  spoke,  he  pointed  to  an  eminence  some  distance  off. 
The  officer  bowed,  limbered  up  his  piece,  and  prepared  to  move 
.     When   he   had  started,  the  Southern  officers  wh 

.  and  putting   spurs  *to   them,   dashed  off  rapidly 

the  bridge.     The  federal  officer  n  the  trick,  and 

iy  iinlimbering  his  ape  and  canis- 

the  general  and  his  staff,  which  whistled  harmlessly 

over  their  heads.      Uf|on  reaching  his  army.  General  Jackson 

sent  a  small  Arce  to  the  bridge  and  drove  the  enemy  from  it. 

lie  haa  suubely  readhed   his  army  whqn  he  was  informed 

that  •'  Fremont  iifcing  from  Ham  .  and 

at  th  »l   General  Shields  were  seen  on 

the  ■ 

Dc  •  junction  of  these  forces.  Gen 

along  the  hank  'il'  ill. 


RAL 

.  and  detaching  a«jtortion  of  the  i;  with 

Shields.     I  :    i  with 

f  the  arm  ,  fall 

ad  drive 
ing  the  day  a  brif 

.  and  the  enemy  held   in  cl  ne- 

at Gfene  m  would  eith 

rmy,  or  be   forced  across   the   Sh< 

i  v  no  afPtnpt  to  cross  it;  but  remained  ; 
• 
Ewell  set  out  art  once,  and 

miles  from  the  river,  drew 
-  forces  in  line  of  battle  ami  | 
whp  were  directly  in  hiB  front.     His  lino  was  f(  on  a 

j     .  ich  to  some  e  . 

and   enabled  \im>  artillery  to  pour  a  dei  into  the 

enemy's  ranks. 

The  battle  began  early  in  the  moi;. 
of  the  two  armies.     During  the  cnti  ed  furiou 

'  rare  and  bri  RtJfliiig  upon  his 

■; -ity  in  numbers,  Fren 

lioK-h 

d  quickly 
'  and  pr<  y  the  nun  .      .•..'■  deral 

dually  ad1  liisPW'.-.  al   Ewell 

;  bel  and  when  night  cloe< 

keen  driven  D! 

•  fedeVal  army  i#  this  lent 

;md  :   thft  of  the 
tot  over  two  hum! 
During  the  night,  G<  neral  Jacksonjvithj 
troops,  and  reunited,  tin  m  with  the  rest  of  the  army.     He  left 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  50 

a  small  force  in  Fremont's  front,  with  orders  to  fall  back  slowly 
before  him,  and  after  crossing  the  river  at  Port  Republ 
burn  the  bri< !  1 1ms  prevent  him  from  cro  I  ren- 

der:!', to  the  federal  column  on  the  opposite 

• 
Ha  .  General  Jackson  resolved  %p  fall 

upon  General  Shields  and  defeat  him.     Early  on  the  morning 

his  force 
my. 
Gen  had  formed  his  linWf  battle  about  a  mile 

outsi  ""public.     His   right  rested  upon   the  r 

ided  for  about  half  a  mile  over  an  open  wheat 
field.  His  left  rested  upon  the  point  of  a  low  ridge  which 
skirted  the  field  at  that  side,  and  was  partially  protected  by  a 
copse  of  Upon  this  ridge,  and  upon  some  slight  emi- 

nences in  the  river  bottom,  he  had   posted  his  artillery,  which 
commanded  the  road  and  the  open  plain  over  which  the  South- 
.  nee  to  attack  him.     The  federal  position 
irably  chosen,  and  the  country  in  which  GeneralJack- 
i  had  to  operate  was  by  no  means  favorable  to  him. 

the  troops  crossed  the  river,  Generar  Jackson  led 

insttheej  liich  they  advanced 

swept  by  a  murderous  lire  of  artillery  and  infantry,  but 

moving  on  steadily  th<  ally  drew  nearer  to  the  enemy's 

■Sncs  an  I  I  them  hotly  at  all  points.     The  battle  con- 

■  ■  two  hours.     At  the  expiration  of 
that  tin:  ;-J^}r  threw  forward  a  section  of  artillery  for 

the  left  wing  of  the  Southern  line, 

I  very  severely  from  the  fire  in  front. 

It  was  a  critical   period  of  th<  at   this 

■oilier  direct'  ,      nemy 

the  flue  i  r 

n,  Gener%l  Jackson  discovered 

that  the  battery,  which  had  been  posted  nea]  n  the 

•mt  any  infantry  fluppnrt.     Tic  at  once 


% 


LIIT  KAL 

1 

ordered  General  Taylor  to  make  a  circuit  to  the  right  with  his 
le,  to  advance  rapidly  through  nd  fall  upon 

the  battery  and  capture  it.     Taylor  mi 

from  the  woods  at  the  moment  tfc 

tillery  was  advanced  upon  their  shed  upon  the 

and  driving  the  cannoneers  from  it.  secured  the  guns.     Then 

turning  them  upon  the  Btartled  foe,  he  p< 

into  their  ranks.     At  the  same  moment,  other  ti 

come  up  from  Port  RMublic,  the  whole  Iii 

tne  enemy  and  drove  them  from  the  field.     Until  the 

their  battery,  the  enemy,  who  were  Western  men,  fou 

unusual  gallantry  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  ret  i 

and  fled  in  the  voidest  confusion — tl  red. 

They  were  pursued  by  the  cavalry  for  fifj  Erec- 

tion of  Lu 

During  the  n^ht  after  his  defeat,  Gem  lont  had 

restoring  order  among  his  troops,  and  th     ! 

ing,  as  soon  as  the  sound  of  cannon  in  hi  that 

on  Lad  fallen  upon  Shield;-,  advanced  to 

Distance.     The  small  <•<  ft  to 

watch  him,  !,  slowly  before  him,  skirmi 

Passing  over  the  :i 

been  sent  on  \> 

stroyed  the  1 

communication  between  the  two  thet^ 

retreat  of  Shield's  arm; 

the  we  b,  and,  bA<;  I 

nder  any  assistance  to  his  ;'  '    >d       ndcr 

victo 

In  tl)'-  battle  of  ',  ;      ut  1,000 

killed  and  wounded,  anuViOO  prisoners,  anil  six  ^)iec 
tillery.  •nfedeml  K)  killed  a 

General  Jackson  U 

<!  in  the  followmgdespatch  : 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  61 

Nej 

To  S. 
Vnrt  Republic,  was  this  day  routed  with  the  1: 
till-. 

aed)  x 

)\ 

This  most  astonishing  campaign  in  the  Valley  wonfo 
ral  Jackson  and  his  gallant  arm  ^nutation, 

became  a  terror  to  the  enemy;  and  -waSiKmioned  wil 
in  every  land  where   valor   and   skill   are  h< 
with  one  i  ranked  among  tin 

\  and  comparisons  were  instituted 
the  great  Napoleon,  in  which  General  dackson  did  not 
in  the  least.     1 

ley  with  the  first  campaign  of  .  -  of  Ijffc ,  and  re 

ber  that  %<•  army  of  General  Jackson  - 
of  voluntt 
service  at  all,  and 

I  of  "  re  hardsMp 

war,  we  shall  find  that  the  comparison  is  just. 

The  army  fell  hack  from  ber  on  the  11. 

and  retiri  Mount 

tracing  its  it   the  battle  of  Kernstown  on 

Retiri  :t  to  Mount  Jackson,  it  rested  for  a  bri< 

until,  upon  the  em 
Swift  rim  gap.      On   the  7th  of  May  i'.  .  >\\W 

.  fell  upon  Fr 

:.     Then  ',  it  returned  to  t] 

falling  suddenly  upon   Gei 

n^roils  and  over  three   thousand   pri 

human,    it    returned  to   th 
efforts  of  the  federal  ■ 


that  ha 

•■  hundred  n 

■ 
immi  done  :tl1 

and 

of  the^prli! 

.-.c^wplislii'd  "■  th 

my.     I  • 

11  pas  e  Blue  J  .11  of  the 

red  from 
On  the  liitlAf  Jim  . 

•  down  the  Y  f         'ount 

loah  county. 
In  vii  iral  Jackson  \ 

rein  i  lis   encou  ith   Frem 

tit  him. 

^ti  iich  a 

■ 

:,  to  COO]: 
with  Lee  in  di :  ainy. 

■ess- 
Lee,  nftt 
m'a  ■  Dt6  had 

lat  McDowell's    corps, 
itemed  to  reinforce  McClellap,  was  retained  for 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  63 


the  protection  of  Washington.      General   Lee  having  deter- 
mined to  carry  out  the  latter  portion  of  I  order^den- 
eral  Jackson  to  march  at  once  to               istance.     Leaving 
a  merely  nominal  force  to  deceive  the  e              General  ^ack- 
son  left  the  Valley  on  the  20th   day  of  June;  and 
towards    '                                    while    Fremont   lay    at    Mount 
I  ignorance  of^his   movement,  and  bu 
;  his  position,  in  order  to  resist  th< 
which  he  fancied                                             w\it  to  i 
upon   him.      The    movement   i  very 
■ 
concerning    it.     The    troo] 

it.     The; 
no  information  to  any  one  during  the  m 
as  to  their  destination,  the  names   of  their  coimnamk  • 
from  what  pi.  were  to  riu         '    I 

$0 
Thi  ise  to  an  amusing  incident,      i  . 

.  one  of  the  men  belonging  to^  Hood's 
(which  had  lx  sent  to  Jack- 

son,") left  the  ran  cherry  tree  in  a 

[boring  field. .  ppening  to  be  near,  ob- 

served this,  and  riding  up  to  the^fcan,  asked  : 
1  •  "\  i 

lied  the  mat  coolly. 
"  To  what  command  do  y  _  fl* 

"Id 

-    ■  |  tneral  in 

■ 

man  with  the 
ler  had  no 
turning  to  hii 

rs  yesterd  we  were  not  to  know 


>■ 


to  take    I 
plafll  In  i  with   the  fidelity 

were  executed. 
At  the  troop  mbarked  on  the  cars,  and 

;+  '  in  Lou: 

>ved  across  the  country,  and  on  the 
d'  ue  readied  the  little  village  of  Ash- 

land in  Hanover  coJpt;  'i  miles  from  Richmond,  driving 

hich  were  stationed  ik  jdacc. 

three  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  26th  of  Jul 
ral  Jackson  left  Ashhuid  and  mov<  Is  Hanover  court- 

house.    From  this  point  he  horc  gradually  towards  the  Chi 
•intil  he  haiLuincovered  the  front  of  Brig;'.' 

;-_>  iipon  the  bank  of  that  stream  where 

;,]PnG  -^Mpk  turnpike.     General  Branch  :. 

.;i',  and  moving  down,  uncovered  the  front 
of  1 1  A..  P.  HillTat  the  Meadow  bridfi 

(P  now  bore  towards  the  Panmnkey,  keeping 
•i  in  the  direction  of  the  enemy's  lines.     Moving  rapidly, 
he  reached  the  neighborhood  of  the  Old  Church  in 

:;ftfctd  the  rear    of  the   en 
be  right,  or  the  purpose 

of  cutting  off  thei  A.  1\  Hill  crossed  the 

low  bridges,  drove  the  enemy  from 

bood  of  Mechanicsville,  and 

of  the  river  by  the  rest  of  the 

jVt;!.  the 

en  back  to  Gaines'  Mill, 

upon  the 
rem      .   p    ition  in  the  neighborhood  of 

dri\  During  the  battle* a  larg  of  the 

,  ise  of  outfl 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON. 

the  confederate  left,  and  this  render  ituation  of  the 

southern  army  very  critical.  It,  was  known  that  Gtencra' 
Jackson  had  been  ordered  to  gain  the  enemy's  rear  and  cut  off 
his   rj  but  as  yet   nothing  had   been  hoard  from  him. 

The  enemy's  column  approached  rapidly  through  the  w<»ds. 
In  a  short  time  the  confederates  would  he  completely  out- 
flanked. At  this  moment  a  sheet  of  flam?  bursPfrom  the 
woods  before  them,  and  a  storm  of  balls  swept  through  the 
hostile  ranks.  The  enemy  paused  in  >n 
fire  was  hurled  upon  them  mov  than  before.     * 

A  wild  and  joyful  cry  rang  along  the  southern  lines,  and  the 
shout  of  "Jackson  !  Jackson  !"  was  passed  from  man  to  man. 
The  conjecture  was  correct.  Two  or  three  brigades  nad  been 
sent  on  in  advance  by  General  Jack'son,  and  had  arrived  upon 
the  scene  of  conflict  just  in  time  to  dec^ethe  f4fc  of  the  hat- 
tie.  The  enemy  were  driven  from  t ;  brushed  through 
the  woods  and  forced  into  the  fields  around  Qold  llarrjor. 
Rallying  his  troops  here.  General  McQellan  nrepared  for  his 
i  rate  effort  on  the  north  hank- of  th* Chickahominy. 

trcely  had  lie  formed  his  line  of  battle,  when  a  terrific 
fire  was  opened  upon  him  from  his  rear.     General  Jackson  had 
now  come  up  with  his  army,  and  the  retre*at  of  the   enemy 
towards  the  "White  House  was  entirely  cut  off.   Qaickly  brie 
his  troopg  into  ac  Jackson  made, a  tierce  and  im- 

us   attack  upon  the  enemy,  and  the  battle,  which  began 

at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  rtipid*witn  fury  at  all  points 

until  long  ale  nerjjl  McQjfdlan  had  massed  all »tff 

my  on   thai  .  ,  and  his 

I  iian  thai  in  any  of  the  previous 

boMfes.     All  of  His  efforts  were  in  vain.  ack  at  all 

fled  from  the  field,  a 

if  (»'  Chickahominy. 

ipl  down 
r,  and   obtaining  p  ■■  ■   fcidn  6f  ''> 


•~.f.  '  IKBKAL 

York   rivt  r   railroad,  cut  off  MoClellan's  communication  with 
hi.-;  transports  in  the  Pamunkey,  ami  destroyed  his  telegraph. 
the  movements  of  th  with  intercepting 

'lellan  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  been  at  well  executed 
as  ^iose  of  Gen  the  "Young  Na- 

B  had  another  and  a  darker  p  ige  added  to  it. 
On  Suilfiay  night,  June  2iMh.  1  the 

on  sent  to  prevent  1 
the  James  river.     The  pursuit  was  morn- 

ing.    Crenera]  Jaclwln  grossed  to  the  south 
ahominy,  and  followed  in  the  trail  of  the  enemy  by  the  Wil- 
sburg  road  and  Savage  station.      Be  i  ame  op  with  them  :it 
White  oJfe  swamp  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning.     They 
had  crossed  the  stream,  however,  burnt  the  bridge  behind  I 
and  to  prevent  rke  ^instruction  of  another,  had  posted  some 
forty  or  fifty  jpicces  of  artillery  on  the  bank  of  the  Bwamp. 
Bringing  upjiis  own  artillery,  General  Jacks 
engagement  with  nhem.     While  his  artillery  was  engaged  with 
neniy,  he  Yuovcd  his  infantry  to  a  point  lower  down  the 
swamp,  and   began  the  construction  of  a  bridge.     Although 
his  men  worked  upon  it  with  energy,  the  brid 
until  the  federal  ^rtfllery  had  been  withdrawn  and  night  was 
coming  on.      Genial  Jackson  th>  d  his  troops  and 

moved  towards  the  enemy.  ^ 

Later  in  the  evening  A.  P.  il.;l  met  and  repul 

thee:  :der'«  Jp*n,  (Glendale.)     McClelim  then  fell 

to  Malvern  hill,  ajid  the  coniV  .  .  _•,  pressed  on  in 

ait. 
On  Tuesday,  the  1st  of  July,  was  fought  the  desperate  and 
bloody  battle  of  Malvern  hill.     In   this  engagement  Geaeral 
immanded  the  left  of  the  southern  line,  and  General 
Magruder  the  right. 

The  federal  array  held  apposition  of  great  strength ;   and 
although  it  could  no;  -he  carried  by  assfctft,  I  ■  k  of  the 

confederates  Luflictecbj*uch  a  severe  loss  upon  the  enemy,  and 


THOMAS   J.   JACKSON.  G7 

demoralized  their  army  to  sucli  an  extent,  that  General  Mc- 
Clellan  was  forced  to  abandon  Malvern  hill,  which  he  had  de- 
termined to  hold  permanently,  not  daring  lo  subject  his  army 
to  another  attack  from  the  confederates,  lest  it  should  be  utterly 
ruined,  lie  abandoned  the  hill  during  the  night  and  fell  back 
to  the  James  river.  . 

In  this  battle   General  Jackson  had  a  very  naiteow  £S. 
He  was  reconnoiiering  the  position  of  the  enemy,  fjrhen  a  shell 
fell  and  exploded  between  the  forelegs  ofJuS  horse,  foqjunateiy 
without  injuring  either  the  horse  or 

The  plan  of  General  ve  in  one  or  two  instances,  re- 

sulting from  the  neglect  of  subordinates,  had  been  successfully 
uted.     General  Jackson  had  promptly  and  ably  seconded 

him  in  all  of  his  efforts,  and   the  assistance  that  he  rendered 

1 
during  the  brief  bur  eventful  campaign  of  the  Chickahominy 

was  incalculable. 

After  being  so  completely  outgeneraled,  by  Jackson,  Fre- 
mont was  removed  From  his  command,  and  succeeded  by  Major- 
general  John  :  better  known,   '•Proclamation 

The  defeal  of  McClellan's  army  ha\Hg  put  an  curl  to 
paign  in  the  Peninsula,  the  federal  government  resolved  to 
make  another  effort  to  capture  Richmond,  by  advancing  Gene- 
ral Pope's  army    .  Rappahannock  and  Rapidan.    G 
ral  Pope  moved  his  army  across  the  mourn.: 

.'  the  RapidanAind  thus  :  cele- 

brated campaign  in  Virginia,      ft  .    • 

This  General  Tope  had  held,  previous  to  his  appearance   in 
iiia,  the  command  of  a  division  in  I  army  under 

ral  Halleck,  and  had  rendered  In 
his    1 

disa]  I.  .    . 

liariu  cx.^i,oit  {T)  procured  hid  the  cumuiunu  oi  EremonVa  a 


■ 

^From  hi 

.  absurd  proclama 

ii»  mor< 
enching. 
hat  in  his  previous  ca 
"4et>  ai  but  the  ' 

a. glorious  victory  \\i 
the 

>n  from  which  li 
but  tardy  measures  of  retaliation  adopted  ' 

rnment.     Thefpeoplc  and  in  which 

i  severely  from  the  infamous  ci 
their  "Northern  '.his  army 

will  ever  be  remembered  in  \  that  they 

won  by  their  ,    m 

■  red  that  tm?  army  of  ' 
mdition  to  givaUrim  tmy  further  r, 
determined  to  march  upon  General  Pope,  whose  arm 
being  greatly  augmented  every  day.  and  drive  him  out  of  Vir- 
ginia.    The  plan  that  he  adopted  was  a  bold  one,  and  would 
be  attended  with  considerable  risk.     But   the  si  if  the 

try  at  tin 

Witt  the  bulk  of  th<  and 

in  front  and   towards  his  flanks,  while 
Gem        I  cross  the  mountains,  get  into 

Pope's  rear,  and  tl*n  marcl^iu  to'  M  3eize  his  lines 

of  communication   with  Washington   and  out  oil'  his  supplies. 
The  mo\  (\  to  General  Jackson  v.a  !  with 

I  risk,  as  the  enemy  might,  at  any  time,  by  a  rapid  cl 
of  position,  cut  him  off  from  the  army  of  Lee,  and 

age  the  whole  plan  <>f  the  campaign.     R<  i  ol 
to  put  this  plan  into  exequtiqp,  nnd  fettling  assured  tl. 
could  place  the  fullest  reliance  upon  G<      ral  Jf  (  bUity 

nci;:  1  Lee  began^o  p^ 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  .  •,.' 

the  campaign.     General  J.  „  as  sent  ahead  with  his  c^ks 

to  watch  General  Pope   and  bold  him  in  check  until  there- 
maipder  of  the  army  could  arrive  from  Richmond..  "-The  ; 
of  General  Pope  having  atly  increased,  am 

med  a  very  threatening  attitude,  it  was  found  necGssarvto 
him  a  blow  which  should  keep  him  quiet  until  General  JA» 
(huld  bring  up  his  army. 

Accordingly  General  Jackson,  on  tha  8th  of  Jane,  advam 
his  forces  to  meet  General  Pope.      Crossing  the  Kapidan  and 
advancing  about  a  o  the  county  of  Culpeper,  the: 

halted  for  the  night.  * 

Hearing  that  the  co:.  -  had  cro  Etapidan  and 

were  advancing  to  meet  him,  General  ard  a 

corps  under  General  Banks  to  resist   thi 
vance.     On  the  9th  of -An  i'orcc 

ported  t  o  I  •  .  ■        "  General 

Ewell's  division  to  meet  them. 

Advancing  for  albout  tin  il  tool:  position  on  the 

:a  Orange  courthouse  to  Culpeper  courthouse. 

His  left  Hank  rested  on  the  Southwest  mountain,  and  bis  artil- 

was  placed  in  advan;  i     positions.     A..- 

formed  his  line,  General  Ewell  saw  the   advanced  fore 
the  enemy,  consisting  of  a  large  body  of  cavalry  and  several 
pieces  of  artillery,  about  a  inj|e  in  front  of  him.     Expo 
that,  as  they  were  advancing  to  meet  him,  they  would    > 
the  attack,  he  waited  some  time  for  I  •  on. 

Finding  that  the  enemy  was  nol  dip  ised  to  attack  him,  Gen- 
eral Jack  Ived  to  advance  upon  thdfiay    Early's  bri 
(of  l^rell's  division)  was  thrown  tjgp-ard   thj  he  woodsf 
and  attacked  the  enemy's  right  flank.  ,r 
Tb-   ■                          an  at  four  o'clock  in  i;             aoon,  and 
.  *  The   cavalry,  which    constituted    the 
.          .   v                 .  i   the 
line  Jfi 
|                          i. 'd*  the  ifst  division,   coiujil^lc'i 


70 

npp: 

.'1  by  which   it   was   advan 
heavy  fire  upon   it  with  their  long 

i 

*£  -  division  was  moving  forward;  his 

shattered,  tnd  he  was  wounded  in  the  side.     He 

he  field  and  died  in  about  an  hoar. 

Tin  first  division  having  come  up.  the  line  bore  down  hea\  ily 

ml  later  in  the  evening,  a  poltfon  of  the  di- 

eral  A.  1\  Hill,  (who  was  now  Jack- 

rought  into  action.  General  Jai 
wfeole  line.     The  enemy  r<  ornly,  but 

ras  rising  and  lighting  up  the  h  he* 

.  rays,  they  fell    back  in   haste  and  abandoned  the    held. 
■  I  for  two  mi 
The  artillery  in  this  battle  was  most  conspicuous  throughout 
the  day.     The  opposing  batteri  s  would  nhlimbs 

anything   but   grap  >  and  can 
Southern  artillerists  could  distinctly  hear 
ot  tin  infantry  supporting  the  federal 
this  t<  nversation.     The  enemy's  batteries  were 

in  those  opposing  them;  but  notwithstand- 
n    of  the  Sou  that 

.jelled  to  change  their  pot 
five  different  tim 

a  thick  wood-,  about  two  miles  from 
the  bat t b  ftAirral  Jackson  advanced  his  artillery  to 

woods  and  thellcd  ifcfcn  during  the  night.      The  neUt  day 

;  very  quietly,  the  enemy  making  no  demonstration, 
and  on  the  1 1  ih  they  sent  in  a  flag  of  truce,  asking  permission 
to  bur\  their  dead,  ami  thj  da  I  ming  that 

d   all  that  he  desired,  Gene^  Jackscti, 
on  the  •T^Ut  of  the3  11th,  withdroj*  hia  troops  and  ^retired 


THOMAS    J.    JAl'K&K.  7 J 

across  the    Rapidan.     His   army   lay   a1i<i^|  wilhrn    ir 
range  of  a  large  f<#ce  of  the  enemy,  and  yet  so  skillful'!;, 
so  successfully  was  the  retreat  effected  tl|p.t  the  federals  knevi 
nothing  of  it  until  the  next  morning,  wfen  they  found  that  the 
Southern  forces  had  disappeared. 

In  the  battle  of  Cedar  Run  the  enemy  had  fifteen  thousand 
men   engaged,  and  were  commanded   b  !s    Pope,  Mc- 

Dowell, Seigle  and  Banks.     They  d  a  bloody  defeat. 

Their  loss  was  very  heavy  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  h^sjBfh 
estimated  at  from  two  to  three  thousand.     Certainly  it  was  xcty 
severe.     General  Gordon,  commanding  one  of  their  brig 
speaks  of  his  loss  as  follows.:    "I  carried  into  action  less 
1,500  nun.     1  lost  in  about  thirty  mifwtes  4li(>.  killed,  won 
and  mksing.    ,*     *     *     *     As  I  approached,  the  enemy  re- 
ceived me  with  a  rapid  and  destructive  lire.     For  at  least 
thirty  minutes   this  terrible  fire  continued.      Companies  were 
left  without  officers,  and  men  were   falling  in  every  din 
from  the  fire  of  the  enemy.     *     *     *     *     It  was  too  evident 
that  the  spot  that  had  witnessed  the  destruction  of  one  i>r-: 
would  he,  in  a  few  minutes,  the  grave  of  mine.     I  had  lost 
more  than  thirty  in  every  hundred  of  my  comma 

General  Crawford,  another  of  their  officers,  says  in  his  re- 
port:  "The  whole  woods  b  me  sheet  of  fire  and  storm 
of  lead.  The  enemy's  infantry  was  crowded  into  the  timber, 
and  into  some  underbrush  at  our  right,  and  theu  mowed  our 
poor  fellows  down  like  grass.  The  overwhelming  numbers  of 
the  enemy  forced  us  to  fall  back,  but  only  when  not  a  field 
officer  remain 

Surely,  if  the  rest  of  the  federal  army  suffered  in  '\\  same 
proportion,  the   estimate   of  its  a   above,  is   very 

moderate.     The  enemy  also  lost  ah         •     hundred  prisoi 
including  one  of  tl  ide  commander  —General  Prince — 

over  fifteen   hum!  |  uns, 

twelve  wagun  loads  of  ammuniti  qfcffagon  loads  of 

new  clothing. 


:it» 

i  4^<  the  foil 

■ 

'lOtll' 

■ 
command,  which 

T.  J. 
'    G. 

.iplicil  to 

■is  in    t! 

. 
James.  era]  Mc- 

he  had  assembled 
ile  him  to 

had 
J 

I  him. 


THOMAS    J.    .1  73 

I  to  gain  Pof^s  rear,  and  cut 
him  off  from  Washington,  whil     I  ; 

"s  front,  would  draw 

oft'  his  attention  from  t] 

On  tin.  .  he  Rapi- 

At  tl  >        1  uKr 

the  river.  lish- 

i  appeared  on  the 
little  village  rson- 

Warrenton   springs  in    Fauquier 

but  the 

stream  swellii  rains 

g  fallen  unable  to 

was  periloui    in  th 
an  Phi  even-* 

Rappahann 

with  L 

I 

•  1  perplexed  the 

body  of  troops   . 
in.     Th< 

o   watch   and 
Irawn  up 

. 


% 


sor£  on  tho  me:  up  the  river  to- 

Hill,  in  tne'coiml  The 

i  i    oi' 
1  i  cover  t: 

ikson,  who  wj  ille. 

be  army  sed  the  li 

it  wheeh  d  the  right,  a 

rugged  and  um;  the  Rap;  *  int 

tout  fifteen   miles 
of  the  stream  was  exceedingly  difficult,  . 
successfully 

there.     Avowing   the   1  I  march;. 

lanes,  the  corps  hall 
in  Fauquier  county.      G 
ak  of  the  eh 
The -next  morning,  the  26  th,  the 
direction  of  Thoroughfare  gap,  i  ail- 

'  roi  3  through  the  Bull  run  mount 

o  encouu 
Fortunately  I 
men  r.. 

u-.  othing  to 

; 
i 

declared,  in  h  sport,  that  he 

:,  fully  aware  of  i  I 

•■    .  ■         . 
;>  upon  record.      .  his  rear  entirely  un] 

: 

which,  he 

d."      \  mere  handful  of  men  could  have  cl 

it  have  prevented,  Jackson's  advam  i     least 

half  a  dozen  points.     Tho  truth  is,  however,  that  the  move- 


*k 


THOMAS    J.    J  VCK 

•  of  General  Jackson  rapid,  and  t1  tipns 

of  the  cavalry  under  General   !  and 

the  en  iy  covered  those  move... 

ral  Pope  was  i  if  them,  until  General  Jack- 

son had  fl  :M\ 

Arriving  at. Gainesville,  the  corps  whe 
marched   to  J:  alum,  on    the  Ori  adrift 

the  military  .  eft  there 

Several   trains   of  cars,   returni  also 

captured.     One,  h  : 

graphed  tl  .'ia.     Those  com- 

pom  the  O]  tion  returned  from  the  from 

which  rm. 

the  enemy  had  shed  a'large  depot  of 

suppli  .  ed  Generals  Trim- 

to  proceed  thithi  I  occupy  the  place. 

By  midnight  t1  ptured  the  entire 

force  stationed  there.     At  Junction  the  enemy  had 

iense  depot  of  supplies.  The  confederates 
ed  on  extensive  bakery,  which  was  capable  of  turning 
out  15,000  loaves  of  bread  daily,  several  thousand  barrels  of 
flour,  large  quantities  of  corn  and  oats,  two  thousand  barrels 
of  pork,  one  thousand  barrels  of  beef,  fifty  thousand  pounds 
of  bai  rains  of  .  large  loads  of  stores,  and 

locomot: 
The-   next   da;  .  after  leaving  General   Ewell  at 

>w,  General  Jackson   occupied  J  with  the  rest  of 

his  cor 

The  federal  authorities  at  Washington,  upon  receiving  in-* 
of  the  capture  (  1  that  it 

.  and  looked 

igade,  composed  of  fii 
ment  .  neral  Taylor,  was  sent  from  Alex- 

andria  "to   chftBe   the  rebels   away."     The  brigade   left  the 


76* 

car^at  Bull  run  brid  11  o'clock  on  the  morni 

the   27th,  and  moved   rapi  junction, 

were  allowed  to  approach  within  a  few  hmndred  yards  of  the 
around  the  junction,  not  having  met  with 
:ivc  a  line  of  skii 
.  cv  came  within  range  of 
opened  upon  them,  driving  them  hills, 

which  sheltered  them  from  the  fatal  storm.     Throwing  forward 
*his  infantry,  General  Jackson  drove  them  : 
refuge  back  to  .Cull  run.     Cros 
ford,  thej  fled  toward  .  ille.  hotly  pursn 

.  i'lery  of  General  ;  which  infli* 

loss  upon  ihum.      The  purr-nit  was  continued  b 
ville,  the  enemy  flying  in  ■  st  confusion.     Th 

was  almost  annihilated.     General  Taylor  /was  wour 
so  was  n  ery  officer  in  1 

General    H<  f  McClellan' 

reached  General  Pop  and  lay  at    R 

tion.  nb  was  Received  of  the  capture  of  Brisfcow.    Gene- 

ral Heintzelm  formed  that  a   "raid"  had 

made  upon  the  railroad,  but  he  si  i  that  the 

movement  mi 

his  whoL  irp  en- 

late  in  the  day,  in  whi(  were 

repulsed  with  con  back  foi 

tance.  •  The  officer  in  imrai  land  during  the  a1 

:  :  •  I 

Not  wishing  to  exp< 

1  when  the  en<  my  should  i 
on  had  ordered  General  Ewell  to  i  on  un- 

dmaketl 
their  :  i  ojoin  I 

.  <  reneral 
I 
ral  Jai 


THOMAS    J.    JIU'K-  77 

In  the  meantime.  General  Lee  hav  i  informed  of  the 

success  of  Jackson's  movements,  had   advanced   with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  army  to  his  assistance,  intei: 
"lit ire  force  in  the 

had   b  rasing  the  enemy  during  Jackson's  march,  now 

3wep1  around  from  the  river  and  marched  towards  Thorough? 
gap. 
Startled  by  the  news  that  General  Jackson  had  gainedhis 
rear.  General  Pope  awoke  to  a  sense  of  his  danger,  and  preparA 
to  meet  it.  '  reneral  Jackson  was  in  the  very  heart  of  the  country 
occupied  by  the  federal  troops,  cut  off,  for  the  time,  from  all  as- 

oice  from  the  army  of  General  Lee,  and  in  dan 
completely  hemmed   in  by  the   den  I    the   en 

uiation  was  desperate,  and  to  a  commander  of  less  genius, 
been   fatal.      General  Pope  saw  this  and  resolved 
to  endeavor  to  profit  by  it.     Sending  Rickett's  division  to  oc- 
cupy and  hold  Thoroughfare -gap,  and  tl 
from  receiving  istance  or  effecting  a  retreat  through  it. 

oved  up  from  Fauquier  with  his  army,  for  the  pu 
forcing   his  way  through   Jackson's  line,  and  r< 
communications    with   "Washington.      The   federal   army    had 
been  reinforced  by  a  portion  of  the  troops  of  I  Mc- 

Clellan.  and  the  rest  of  that  army   was   on  the  P 
on  its  w,:\  t<>   join  Pope.     Relying  upon  hi 
General  Pope  moved  forward  with  rapidity.      His  column 
advancing  upon  the  front  of  General   Jackson.  M<  • 
troops  were  approaching  in  his  rear,  and    Burnside,  who  was 
ling  from  Fredericksburg,  was  marching  upon  his  i: 
situation  n  perilous  in  the  extr 

His  forces  did  not  c  ■'  more  than  20,00  I 

were  aim  i  their  extraordinary  marches,  and 

his  Bupply  of  food  was 

■  n 
unahi  ip   up  with   him   in   his  a<i 


& 


I 

oxtr  >roughfan  lirty  mi1 

;:  and  hia  ov, 
had  occupied       e  and  it   was   by  no 

i  force 
■     ■ 
a   only  l  ■  either  to 

ould  come  up',  or  : 

unter  th  r 

overv  and  cut  to  pieces  before  Longstreet  could  come 

up;  if  I  .  to  run  the  risk  ui*  having  hia  inter- 

i  <1  by  the  column  which  wa 

d  would  '. 
enemy  w<  n  upon  him,  and  it  was  or  him 

to  de<  once.     The  dark 

around  the  heroic  general,  the  more  brilliantly 
shine  on  ,  and  never  was  this  more 

in  at  this  moment.     Without  he   rc- 

and  resist  the     h  on  as 

I 

moved  oft'  in  the  diree- 
. 

Bull  run,  he  halt*  d  his 

witn<  ssed  the  heroic  . 

main  body 
of  tl  hort- 

'  in  he  co 

■mould  be 

11  upon  the  ene 

.cod  to  re- 
view an  open  way  by  which  he  could  move  into 
the  Valley.     His  troops  marched  all  night  over  a  rough  and 


THOMAS    J.    JACKtCN.  7V 

rugged  country.     The  morning  of  Thursday,  the  28th  of  July, 
found  them  drawn  up  along  the  banks  of  Bull  run,  weary  and 
hungry,  and  awaiting  the  advance  of  the  enemy.     U  s 
that  they  had  caught  the  spirit  of  their  I 
their  armur,  bu 

the  coining  conflict.  '  The  right  of  the  line    v 

♦  ■    ■  •.  "     a^kson's  o 
ral  Taliaferro  ;  .P.  Hill's 

held  tiie  lefl  ;  th  - 

in  order  to  reopen  his  communica 

• 
run    ;.  -  on.      Th 

chosen  for  the    y  the 

bridge  and  the  Sudley  lord.  ■ 

. 
ral  Stuaqt,  encou  [lie   • 

on  the  i  -  iii 

of  the  1st  division,  u 

them.     A  lumn, 

under  m   .Jack- 

son's position,  and  a  d  encount  at  hand. 

General  Ji 

to  follow  him,  i  the  eneni;  up  with 

lien 
and 
were 

i 

ft'  upon  the  old  b 

•  col- 
.  .  h  artillery  combat  at  Ion 
but  gradually  the  distance  between  the  two  arm:  ::cd, 


;eral 

y  were  withi 

:.  the  division  of  < 
illantly*and  i  lly  repulsed.      Hi!! 

•  :i.  aiid  the  battli 
The  federal  tn  n  in- 

ed  by  th  xs,  that  Jack-*!)  had  ■    : aught 

•  aii  <lft !:  only 

mined  efl  [late  him.     In- 

spired P/  tii  .ml  with 

times  they  advanced  to  force  the  Soutl 

I:  with  terrific  fury, 
continued  to  rage  furl  rradu- 

Finally  the  field, 

>ck  the  battle  was  over. 
>uted  possession  of  the  field,  havin; 
enemy  at  all  points. 
Alt!  ie  battle  had  been  so  severe,  G 

ion  to  that  of  the  enemy,  being  be- 
>0  and  1,000  killed  and  pounded.      But  anion-'  these 
Crimble  and  Taliaferro,  two  gallant    < ■>' 
wounded,  and  the  brave  old  Bwell,  whose  very  presence  was  a 
tow  th  to  the  army,  lost  a  I 

The  enemy'  »een  accurately  ascertained,  but 

was  very  heavy. 

nee,  and  the  I  r  »ops,  wearied  l>y 
pent  ii  in  resting  upon  their  arms,  await- 
•  the  rem  he  conflict  the  next  day. 

While  the,  battle  was  '   roveton,  stirring  events 

were  tion. 

Jackson  had  gained  Pope's  rear. 
Longi  treet  had  been  ordered  to  move  with  :-\)vvd  to  his  assist- 
1  Thoroughfare  gap  late  on  the  -Tth  of  Au- 
i  found  it  occupied  l»y  the  enemy. 

■  in  abrupt  opening  in  the  range  of  the 
'■  an!    run    mount;  ;  •  tries  from   one   hundri  cl    to 


THOMflTJ.   JACKSON.  81 

two  hundred  y;-    Is.     A  swift  mountain  stream  rashes  through 
the  p  bank  winds  a  rugged  and  road 

and  the  tr.  railroad.     On 

the   mount  e  up  perfectly  perpendicularly,  and  on  the 

right  the  thick  timber  and  undergrowth  render  it  impossible 
for  any  but  til  a  fool  bold  upon  it. 

•  iks  into  insignificance  w 

compi  by  a 

maunl         road;  .  ; 

"on 
i 

•  I 

;  it.     On  1 

...  i 

:  from  the  gap,  on  the  east 

and  1 

:dioroj?ghfaro  one  of  the  most  brn> 

and  reflects  the  highest  cr 
bra\  •  bo  effected  it.     It 

a  loss  of  only  three  men  woud 
Lthin  supporting  distance  of  General  J: 
son,  General  3  et  moved  to  the  neighborhood  of  Sud- 

ley  church  and  took  position  on  the  left.     TIic  plan  of  C 

arly   accomplished.     He  had  moved  his 
3  enemy  and  had  gotten  into  their 
I  hardships  and  privati  merable, 

but  tl  far  from  depressing  it,  had  inspired  it  with  an 

enthusiasm  tl  >le. 

.he  29th  of  August  dawned  beautifully  over 

Jttos  of  such  fearful  strife.     General  Jackson's  corps oc- 

ion  a  little  in  advance  of  that  which  it  had  held 

during   the   previous   evening.     All   of  General  Longstreet'e 


% 


is  not  compl- 

d  the 

non 

m  in 

| 

>  . 

ral  Jackson,  and  soon  afterwards  extend 
line.     Gerieri  t  Lee,  late  in 

enemy  were  receiving  strong  reinforcem 
Hood  (of  Lor.  to  move  with  his    division 

a  demon-  ight.     II  ■ 

..aged  witl 
when   the  id  driven  them  three-quai 

al   command 
cbjpp  his  I'm  •  ally. 

ace,  Gen  I  ■  '•  his 

■troops  with  grtet  on  both 

wing  rigor. 

Abou  left  the  con- 

federate for  Id. 

Th  >  the  number' 

diet.     The  enemy  ac- 
knowledg  I     id  wounded.    The 

Pope'g  army,  in  the 
and  men, 
:  all  ;l  toti     • 
D;i  night  General  L<  he  troops  to  fall 

back  Plains,  ; 

there  and   ofl  day. 

by  the  troops   in   occup;  positions 

them.     Thf.y  were  greatly  in  need  of  rest,,  and  very  much 


THOMAS    J.    JAGXSON. 

weakened  by  abstinence  fr<  k  and 

listed  condition,  they  i  morrov  il   the 

greatest  battle  that  had^pt  be  t  in  America. 

The  mornin  '.     ast  came 

army  n< 
ferent  from  any  that  it  had  yel  The  line  le  ex- 

tended for  o\  '\  way  hi 

crescent.     Jackson's  corps  he; d  attended, 

.  the  Sudl  .  on  Bull  run.  .  I 

k  of  the  Manassas  independent  .'  ilr    •     for  a  por- 

tion of  the  way,  and  thence  s  appoint  on  the  Warrenton 

turnpike  about  a -mile  and  aha!  •       '.  he  1st 

division  (now  commanded  by  G  :  the  light; 

Ewell's  division  (under  General  Ln  thejcenl  re,  and  A. 

P.  Hill  on  the  left.     Frolfc  J.  it,  es     aded  Long- 

t's  line,  which  formed  the  i  v      I  -etch- 

ing '  ,  between 

Jackson's  and  Longstrcet's  lines,  a  strong  force  of  artillery 
was  posted  upon  an  eminence  which  commanded  a  lar|e  por- 
tion of  the  field. 

The  enemy,  in  order  to  engage  Genera^  Lee,  had  now  to 
conform  his  line  to  that  of  the  Southern  army.  Consequently 
the  federal  line  took  the  form  of  a  crescent,  the  centre  (gr 

ing  at  Groveton,  and  the  wings  inclining  obliquely 
te  right  and  left.     General  Heintzel  Id  the  federal 

right  and  General  McDowell  the  left,  while  the  o  '  Gen- 

eral Fitz  John  Porter  and  Siegel,  and  Reno's  division  of  Burn- 
y,  formed  the  centre. 
Thus  the  advantage  lay  with  General  Lee.     The  confede- 
pecially  the  corps  of  '  I  occupied 

the  s  nemy  fought  the  first  bat 

id   the  fed?ra.l  army  the  ground  held  i ;    . 

ion. 
>ral  artillery  ted  on  the  hi)  ■ 


84  LXBUTBM  INT-GBKBKAt 

About  twelve  o'clock  '  was  opfei    '  '     ween  th-? 

of  the   two   armies — f: 

c 
A  litl  r  two  o'cl 

ry  and  b 
i's  line.    Advai 
artillery  to  within   mui  | 

•h  was  )■  I  effect, 

tly  ii'er  this  a  second  column  of  the 
third,  advanced  to  support  I  '■ 
a  deadly  fire  upon  them,  and  un 
edly  broke  and  ran,  and  it  rcquirol  all  of  the  eff 

a  to  rally  them  again.    <T.. 
to  the  left,  and 

columns.     The  battle  was  going  Wn 
were  doino;  effective  service,  bul 

Le.     Shot  and  shell  tore  through 

n  scores  to  the    • 
line  nemy  and  throwing  them  into  ec  e    • 

order  was  givgn  to  charge,  and  the  inf  own 

with  tl  trlwind,  drove  the  bewildered  foe  from 

the  field  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.     Thus  in  half  a 
the  forces  of  <  i  md  Morell,  the  mo 

of  the  fe  driven  in  c 

tier  force  of  confederates. 

.  ih,  it  will  be  rem 

Ball  run  to  the  Warren:  in 

I   during    '  His 

:   h:id  advanced  more   rapidly  than   hi 
moved  around  by  the  Pittsylvania  horn  ■ 
emeray  towards  the  turnpike  and  dr:~.  )  down  upon  Gen- 

eral  Longstreet's  position;    thus  clearly  demo;  '..••  the 

:  Lee's  f 

yLot: 

troop  ■  once  throw:  (J 

was  advancing  upon   the   enemy.     The   fe^Urahi  were  bi 


TH01IAS    J.    JACK! 

heavily  reinforced,  and  dens  "\  were 

in.     Dsshh 
left  flank  of  i*  7,  which  Was  in   front  of  him,  , 

them  furiously  before  him. 
While  Longstreet  outfl  rove  the  enem 

Jackson  pressed  heavily  upon  their  right.     The  two  wiv 
the  crescent  line  i*  awing  nearer  together  and 

enclosing  the  eneniy  between  them.     Si 

those   irresistible  charges  which  have  become  s  ,  the 

'  veterans  of  Jackson   and  Longstreet  broke   the 
umns  and  chased, them  from  the  field.     D  t  the 

of  his  troops,  with  his  whole  soul  gl 
of  battle,  General  Jackson  exhibited   the  g  >ism. 

Under  the  guidance  of  such  a 
an  example,  it  is  no  wonder  that   h 

Lo  darkness  the  ba 

driven  at  all  points,  and  after  nine  o'clock  th 

and  fled  ingloriously  across  Bull  run.     So  v. 
flight  that  it  v  ile  for  th< 

with  them. 

General  Pope  abandoned  his  wounded  without  making  any 
provision  for  them.     ''  'e  kindly  car* 

federate  commander,  until   the  federals  could  attend 
The  enemy's  loss  in  this  second  battle  of  ?\ 
The  confederate   loss  was  much  1 
unknown  to  me      It  i:  1  convinced  0 

truth  of  1,  that   the   enemy's   losses  on  tl 

28th.  h  of  August,  nui 

• 

A  1  ^nce  of  food,  the  1  for 

four  days,  was  issued  to  the  army  on  th  g  of  the 

It  co  ;   beef  without  br 

occupied    i' 
Trom  ;hese  General  L 
Ahem,  al  Jackson  was  ordered  to  turn  th.  . 


!  at  nigh 
it  valley,  field. 

>ken  night' 

On  the  em 

'  beenemj 

>tect  the  of  theij  trains   from 

Iria. 

!1  village  in  Fail 
Centreville  to  Fairfax  courthouse.     The  federal  troops  having 
commanders,  i  out  from 

and  fell  upon  Hill's  division,  T.  son's 

ice.     After  a  brief,  but  di  iuted 

and  driven  in  confusion  towards  Alexandria,  1  iy  of 

their  number  and  all  of  their  artillery.     Gent  rney 

and  Stevens  were  killed — the  former  left  dead  on  the  field. 
The  confederate  loss  was  very  slight. 

In  this  enemy  lost  v. 

five   thousand  men  killed,  wounded  and  pr"  mil- 

lions of  dollars  worth  of  stores  and  other  property,  over  thirty 
ss  of  can  .     The  coi 

about  five  th  aen.     The  enemy  had 

r  the 
(  campaign   had   been,  in 

■ 
On  I  ber,  the  corps  of  General  L< 

tny,  for  the  fi 
allowance  of  food. 

ton, 
mac  and  enter  fl 
s  have  been  attributed  to  hi 
I  lie,  as  inducing  him  to  p.     Th.e 

1   to  liberate  iind  hold 
ate  of  Maryland,  believing  that  the  condition  of  affair? 


t 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON. 

warranted  such  a  step:     2nd,  that  he  simply  wished  to  capture 
the  column  of   federal  tro  ioned    at   Harpers    Ferry. 

Much  fruitless  discussion  has  been  1  in  by  the  friends 

of  these  opp  i  positions,  and  it  may  seem  out  of  place 

to  mention  them  hero,  but  for  the  compl  of  this  narra- 

tion it  will  be  necessary  to  refer  to  them  briefly.   ,  This  I 
do  further  on,  hat  I  accept  the  latter  pro- 

position as  embo  n  of  General  Le 

1  "otomac. 

On  the  od  of  S  .-.  moved 

Grermantown  in  th<  ion  of  Le  ■  the 

at  Draii  [rg  the   1 

On  Friday,  the  5th  of  September,  he  i  the  Poto 

and  took 

Tli 

The  n 

- 

i 

; 

ret   his   entrance  into  that 

it.     The  ithcrn  n. 

lion  occuj  nfederal 


fc 


t 


i 

- 
; 

I 

- 
■ 

I 
i 
. 

while  a  pur- 

iid  into  P 


J.    JACKSON. 

Th  North  was  now  thrown  into  a  perfect  fever  of  ex- 

citers ion  of  Maryland  had  filled  the  entire 

Union  with  th    g  .prise  and  terror,  and  these  feelings 

were  heightened  by  the  advance  of  General  Lee  in  the  dim: 
tion  of  li  -n.     It  was  rumored  tl  inter- 

:nia  !>v;>;  Lozen  different  directions.    The 

of  General  Pope  had  crowded  in  confusion  into 
the  lines  of  Washington,  and  mutinous  and  demoralized,  re- 
fused in  under  that,  general.     There  was  bul 

who  could  bring  order  out  of  such  confusion,  and  that 
man  Clellan.     Nothing  in  the  history  of  the 

ed  by  ( reneral 

■  re  period  in  which 

he  hel  ommand  of  the  federal  army.  I  ver  sue 

of  his  undertakings.     He  was  defeated  in  i 

,  and  in  a  majority  of  the  minor  i  ents, 

driven  with  loss  and  in  dismay  from  the  Chickahominy  to  the 

ery  occasion.     Yet  in 
of  all  the  lie  confidence  which  his  troop 

r  wavered,  and  his  influence  over  them  never 
diminished.      Undoubtedly  he  wa !  the  most  skillful  commander 

o*ld  boast  of,  hut  he  had  the 
atend  against  Lee,  Johnston  and  Jackson. 
The  failure  of  the  Peninsula  campaign  had  placed  General 
llellan  in  I  ite  with  hi  .     rid  it  was  with 

moned  him  to  the  command  of 
the  •  mi.     Yielding  to  the  necessity  of  the  occasion, 

.  I  reneral  McClellan  at 

the  head  of  ore.     Hastily  reorganizing  the 

•ny,  and   leavin  -  the 

raced 
g  the  arn 

•uth.     Hia 

the  inva 

i  ' 


: 

The 
.  which  •• 
• 

into  tin 
■  rong  force  und  it.  Ilili.     The 

<  reneral  I>.  II.  U 
th   mountain  . 
would 

llili,  :m<i 
ire. 

:  : 

Lirection  of  Hagcrstown. 
ond  Booi 
marched  to  the  Potomi 
On  the  12th,  th<  ntered   Marti 

of  the  aj 

I 

. 
ace. 
While 

.  an  the  direql 
was  to  occupy  I 

le  of  the 

A  linl  at  which  he  halted,  Ueneral 

■  him  in  ■ 
tain  whether 

.  and  dui  I,   but 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  01 

unanswered,  and  ared  thai 

to  occupy  the  :  failed.  no wn  thai 

McClellan  wa: 
and  it  wa 

■ 

The  moi 
I.     An   answer   w       •  the 

Loud«  :  Walker  had 

eard  fr< 

■n  repes  ted,  and  Mel 
land'     ■    *  .  •  He  had  succeeded,  a)  luntering 

diffii  : 

il  force  stati  H 

ral  Jackson  at  once  ad  d  ii  1  the 

His  line  was  drawn  com  tePo- 

■   to  the   Shenandoah.     A.  P.  !! 

the   I  si  :  the  left. 

Thus  the  enemy  were  ed  within  the 

i   make  a  more   effectual  resistance, 
idoned  a  number  of  outworks  and  retired  within  their  prin- 
cipal defence  .  Jacksn 
ibandoned  wi 
It  was  now  very  late  in 
solved  to  defer  the                                          text  mon:  ; 
he  sent  to  Generals  McLa 

•  next  mornii 
with  the  followin  age  : 

e  occupi  d  line  of  en- 

with  th<  I,  will  capture  the 

in  the  m< 

I  |  !       | 


TPN^NT- 

vance  with  his  division  and  storm  the  federal  entrenchini 
The  order  was  obeyed  with  alacrity  3  Hill  an 

within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  enemy's  works,  a  whiti 
g  out  from  them.     General  Hill  at  once-  sent  for 
an  ail  to  enquire  the  cause  of  I 

the  sword  of  General  Whil  eorn- 

mand  of  the  federal  trooj. 
who  had  been  mortally  wounded  dur 
firing  I   the  troops  entered  and  I  >n  of 

The  terms  of  the  surrend  -         kson 

ivere  most  liberal.     The  offi 

private  property,  and  they,  taki  his  privil 

carried  off  a  large  portion  of  the   public   j  -ther 

with  a  number  of  negroes,  whom  thev 
with  them  from  the  North.     Manv  of  these  negroes  were  re- 

:ed  by  their  owners,  who  lived  -unding 

try.  and  recovered.     Seventeen  wagons  w  heoffioers 

to  carry  off  their  baggage,  and  were  detained  for  a  long  time, 
and  then  returned   in  :i  very  dan.;  i.     The  men 

were  paroled  and  allowed  to  depart,  and 

General  Jackson  capture  1  a:  Ha 
and   Brigadier-general  Wh 

smail  arm  ms,  and  amount  of 

ammunition  and  The   I  iss   in   killed  and 

That  of  the  confeder 
-.'nt. 

lowing  di 

Sepl 

sterday  God  crowned  our  arms  with  another  brilliant 

White   and 
]  1,000  troop: 

In  ad 


FAS    J.    JACK-  <K] 

son  equipage.     Our  loss  is  very  small.     The  meritoriou-,  conduc 
and  men  will  be  mentioned  in  a  more  detailed  r 

I  am,  colonel,  your  ob  ,  ant. 

T.  J   .  Maj.  Gen. 

Col.  R.  II.  ChiHon,  A.  A.  G. 

While  these  events  were  transpiring  at   Harpers   Ferry. 
:s  of  equal  importance  were  occurring  in  Maryland. 
column  of  General  D.  II.   Hill  had  been   left  to  guard  the 
passes  of  the  South  mountain.     On  the  14th  of  September, 
General  McClellan  came  up  with  General  Hill   and   eng 
him.     Seeing  Hill  so  sorely  pressed,  and  feeling 
Harpers  Ferry  would  fall  the  next  da  ral  Lee  moved 

up  with  Longstreet's  column  to  his  assistance*.     The  ei 
were  held  in  check,  and  during  the  nig  i drew 

towards  the  Potomac,  halting  on  ;'  nka  of  the 

creek,  near  the  village  of  Sharpsburg. 

It  was  expected  that  Harpers  Ferry  would  fall  on  the  I 
and  if  this        .      en  the  case,  the  object  of  the  camp: 
accomplished,   the  army  of  General  Lee  could  have 
across  the  Potomac  without  fighting  ttles  of  Boonsl 

or  Sharpsburg.     But  the  obstacles  were  more  for 
had   been   anticipated;  and  as  Harpers  F 
when  McClellan  came  up  with  D.  H.  Hill,  it  was 
fight  him  in  order  to  cover  the  operations  of  Gei>  ^on  ; 

and  upon  finding  that  the  feder 

after   leaving  Boonsboro',  Genera)  Lee  it  won! 

necessary  to  fight  McClellan   again  in   order  to  cheek  hia 
vance,   and  secure  he  Potc  = 

cordingly  sent  orders  to  General  Jackson  to  i 
The  army  had  beei< 
■ 
men,  whi<  sen  indulged  in  to 

thirty  thousand  r; 

■  the  march  from  the  JRapidan  began. 
On  '  "ral  Jac] 


* 

■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 


THOiJ 

i      rrific  fore 
division  (uti  vton)  in  a  desperate  attempt  to  \ 

•  oofederate  left  flank,  and  from  this  division  the 
.  id  to  Jackson's  own.     The  Southern  troops  wen 
oat-numbered,  i  fficiency.     Tl 

concentrated  his  i  is  for  his  attempt  to  turn  <■ 

ral  L  fro  hours ;  nd  a  half  thc.b^i 

had  bec;,  both 

and  fiha  -  rans,  borne  down 

.  began  to  giv 
red  to  Genera 

a  frc-  enemy,  and  - 

I 

ger  the  I 

■ 
I 


<>u.- 

; 

-   i 

.an. 

.  the  in- 

. 

ternoon,  and  i 
ted  for  two  hours.     Al 
iiill  with   the  rest  of  Ja 
force  on 

Mien,  whil  were 

tt  fifteen 

they  endeavored,  I 

tern  line.     In  this 

il.     The  artillery  poured  a  de- 

•  it  filling  up  thega]  ashed 

their  advance 

i 

V.  P. 

rd  with  his  hardy 

mi  upon  the  them 

i  clock,  resulted  in 

.  with   broken   .and  sli:  inks, 

tided. 
n  back  at  all 
a  of  the  field, 
in  this  1  •  about  7,000  mei 

. .;  I  B  anch  killed,  and  Generals  An- 


THOMAS    J.    JACKSON.  97 

enemy  lost  about  25,000  men,  including  Generals  Hooker, 
Hartsuff,  Duryec,  RiPchardson,  Sedgwick,  French,  Sumner, 
Dana,  Meagher,  Ricketts,  Weber  and  Rodman  wounded.  They 
claimed  to  have  won  a  great  victory.  This,  as  has  been  seen, 
was  untrue.     They  were  defeated  at  every  point. 

On  Thursday  morning  the  enemy  were  not  to  be  found. 
They  had  abandoned  their  position  during  the  night,  and.  had 
withdrawn  a  short  distance  from  the  field.  During  the  day 
several  "flags  of  truce"  came  in  from  the  enemy,  asking  per- 
mission to  bury  the  dead.  The  requests  were  refused,  bei 
they  did  not  come  from  General  McClellan.  All  of  the 
wounded,  except  those  who  were  too  badly  hurt  to  be  removed, 
were  carried  from  the  field,  and  the  army  remained  in  posses- 
sion of  the  battle  ground  during  the  entire  day.  At  i 
General  Lee  withdrew  his  troops,  and,  recrossing  the  Potomac, 
retired  into  Virginia. 

In  order  to  defend  his  passage -of  the  Potomac,  General  Lee 
I  General  Pendleton,  with  forty  or  fifty  pieces  of  artil- 
lery and  three  brigades  of  infantry,  at  Botcler's  mill,  near 
Shepherdstown,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  After  the 
army  had  crossed,  this  force,  supported  by  another,  all  under 
General  A.  P.  Hill,  was  left  to  watch  the  enemy,  while  the 
main  body  of  the  army  retired  a  few  miles  beyond  Shepherds- 
town. 

On  Friday,  the  10th,  the  enemy  appeared  in  large  force,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  and  wishing  to  decoy  them  over, 
General  IT i  11  withdrew  his  main  body  from  sight  and  left  a 
very  weak  force  confronting  them. 

On   the  next  day,  (Saturday,  the  20th  of  September)   the 
-.il  commander  crossed  a  large  column  and  made  an  effort 
ipture  the  little  band.     As  soon  as  the  enemy  ha  I 
fairly  over,  General  Hill  advanced  his  troops,  and  f 

.-   upon    them,    drove   thorn   across   the   river  with  great 

was   their   confusion   and  fright,    that, 

although   the  river  wr*  scar^'Hy  more  than  knee  deep,  many 


MRfTKXANT-ORNRRAL 

•  drowned  in  crossing.     The  confederates  poured  a  with- 
ering fire  into  them,  and  the    ■ 

rally  black  with  their  corpses,  and,  ii  is  paid,  the  water  was 
red  with   their  blood  for  a  mi'  the  ford.     The  enemy 

►0  men,  and  the  confederates  250. 
After  recrossing  the  Potomac,  Genera]  Leo  withdrew  his 
army  to  Martinsburg  and  began  the  work  of  reorganise 

S  jlera  were  picked  up  and  brought  in,  and  the  army  gradu- 
ally resumed  its  former  proportioi    , 

The  campaign  in  Maryland  had  been  eminently  succe 
In  commencing  the  narration  of  it,  I  asserted  that  i: 
era!  Lee's  object  to  capture  the  federal  force  at  Harpers  Ferry. 
U  this  assertion  be  true  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  the  cam- 
pi  was  successful.     But  if  it  was  the  object  of  General  Lee 
to  liberate  the  state  of  Maryland,  the  campaign  was  a  failure. 
.in  the  absence  of  official   information,  wr  can   only  speculate 
i  the  probable  designs  of -General  Lee;  but  with  the  plain 
facts  before  us,  I  think  we  can  arrive  at  a  very  fair  estimate 
of  the  object  ral  Lee  in  invading  the  state  of  Mary- 

land. 

"When  his  army  readied  Pleasant  Valley,  General  Lee  had 

-lice  of  two  routes  leading  into  Maryland:  be  could  cross 

the  Potomac  either  near  Seneca  falls,  or  in  the  neighborhood 

of  Poolsville.     By  crossing  at  the  former  place,  he  would  be 

rapid  march  would  be  enabled  to 
the  only  railroad  leading  to  the  city,  -mhI  cut  off  its  com- 
munications with  the  North.     If  forced  to  retreat,  the  way 

Montgomery  county.  lie  would  then 
a  portion  of  Maryland  where  he  would  be  surrounded  by  friends, 
and  where  thousands  would  ilock  to  his  standard.  He  could, 
in  case  of  necessity,  aid  the  city  of  Baltimore  and  Lower  Ma- 
ryland in  throwing  off  the  federal  yoke  ;  and  if  he  could  hold 
the  army  of  General  Pope  within  the  lines  of  Washington,  be 
would  have  every  reason  to  hope  for  success.  But  if  he  should 
enter  the  itate  by  the  latter  route,  he  would  be  in  a  section 


THOMAS    J.    JACK  99 

hostile  to  him,  far  removed  from  the  federal  capital   and 

friends  of  the  South,  and  with  a  large  federal  army  between 

himself  and  Southern  Maryland.     The  liberation  of  M 

must  necessarily  be  a  slow  progress  and  Accompanied  with  very 

great  risk.     In  the  present  condition  of  affairs,  the  South  was 

not  prepared  to  attempt  it.     But  a  tempting  prize   la 

the  grasp  of  the  confederate  commander.     The  stronghold  of 

Harpers  Ferry,  with  its  large  garrison  and  Immense  cjuanl 

of  stores,  might,  by  a  bold  in>. 

rison  would  thus,  for  a  time,  be  lost  to  the  federal  service,  and 

-rores,  of  which  the  South  stood  greatly  in  need,  se< 
to  her.     To  capture  Harpers  Ferry  General  Lee  resolved,  and 
for  this  purpose  the  army  entered  Maryland. 

At  Frederick  city,  General  Lee  issued  a  proclamation,  invi- 
ting the  Marylanders  to  rise  in  of  their  liberties.    An 
accomplished  writer,  who  is  not  an  admirer  of  General 
says  that  "  his  proclamation  at  Frederick,  offering  | 
to  the  Marylanders,  is  incontrovertible  evidence  of  the  fact 
that   the  object  of  the  campaign  was  to  occupy  and 
state."     I  admit  that  at  first  this  seems  to  be  true.     But  a 
closer  examination  of  the  subject  must  convince  every  unpre- 
judiced person  that  the  proclamation  of  General  Lee  affords 
no  such  evidence.     In  this  proclamation  General  Lee  nowhere 

rtffl  his  intention  to  occupy  and  hold  the  state.     lie 
the  people  of  the  South  sympathize  with  Maryland,  and  wish 
to  see  her  freed  from  the  tyranny  of  her  foes,  and  adds:   "In 
obedience  to  this  wish  our  army  has  come  among  you   a' 
prepared  to  assist  you  with  the  power  of  its  arms  in  regai 
the  rights  of  which  you  have  been  de 

In  this  announcement  I  c  ''ere  see  the  assertion  i 

determination  to  liberate   the   state  or  to  occupy  and  hold  it. 

ral  Lee  s  "prepared"  to  assisl 

people,  but  does  not  say  that  it  his  purpose  to  remove  the 
ral  yoke  from  Maryland.  It  was  necessary  for  the  an 
place  th*  Marylanders  in  a  condition  to  rise  before  they  roufa 


100  MiTfjnujcT-aF.Miur, 

avail  themselves  of  the  offer  ;  and  this  had  not  been  done.  Of 
course,  if  they  should  rise  against  the  federals  it  would  be  a 
great  gain  for  General  Lee.  I  do  not  think  that  he  expected 
them  to  rise,  and  I  ara  convinced  that  his  proclamation  was 
r  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the  enemy  as  to  his  real 
intentions — a  measure  which  he  could  embrace  with  pei 
propriety.  The  permanent  occupation  of  Maryland  would 
•  been  of  incalculable  value  to  at  what  good 

would  have  resulted  from  the  occupation  of  the  Western  por- 
tion of  it,  sixty  miles  from  Baltimore,  with  a  large  hostile  army 
between  Washington  and  Frederick,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  discover. 
The  proclamation,  which  those  who  pronounce  thi3  campaign 
"a  failure,"   hold  upas  such  ''incontrovertible  evidence"  of 
the  truth  of  that  assertion,  was  issued  on  the  8th  of  Septem- 
ber 1862.     On  the  morning  of  the  10th,  the  army  left  Frede- 
rick and  moved  towards  Hagerstown,  thus  increasing  the  dis- 
fcween   itself  ami  Washington  and   its  friends,   but 
nearer  to  iTarpers  Ferry.     Surely  General  Lee  could 
not  expect  his  proclamation  to  be  scattered  through  the  state, 
and  tl  of  the  South  to  flock  to  him  from  a  distance 

ing  from  nixty  to  one  hundred   and  twenty  miles,  in  the 
toe  of  two  days.     And  if  he  had  wished  them  to  rise, 
should  he  have  moved  his  army  farther  from  them.     It 
■iainly  more  reasonable  to  su>  tat  in  this  case,  he 

would  have  moved  nearer  to  Washington,  and  either  have 
ed  the  Monocacy  .  or  have  prevented  the  passage 

or'  it  by  the  army  of  General  McClellan,  which,  he  knew,  was 
'.  ring  to  advance  upon  him.  Every  movement  of  his  army 
swards  Harpers  Ferry,  and  affords  "incontrovertibl 
donee"  that  it  was  his  object  to  capture  that  place.  Of  the 
events  which  would  have  followed  the  capture  of  Harpers 
.Ferry,  I  am,  of  course,  unprepared  to  speak  ;  but  I  do  not 
believe   that  General  Lee  expected  to  fight  either  at  Boons- 

•  delay  in  the  capture  of  Harpers 
Ferry,  necessitating  a  protection  of  Jackson's  operation?!,  and 


THOMAS    J.    J  '  IO7I 

the  rapid  advance  of  McClellan,  forced 

places,  and  added  new  laurels  to  the  wr<  read}  en- 

circled his  brow." 

The  assertion  of  the  enemies  of  General  Lee,  must,  fcb 

round,  when  opposed  I  ■  and  unpreju- 

diced statement  of  facts. 

In  support  of  my  argument,  I  append  the-  following  extract 
from  a  letter  written  to  the  London  u  Times,"  by  a  corres- 
pondent, who  was  furnished  by  General  Lee  I  such 
information,  as  it  was  proper  to  reveal,  concerning  the  cam- 
paign.    He  Si 

"It  is  generally  stated  that  the  conf< 
culated  upon  a  rising  in  Maryland  directly  their  army  entered 
that  state.  Nevertheless,  everybody  to  whom  I  spoke  on  the 
subject  ridiculed  the  idea  of  ever  having  thought  that  any 
such  rising  would  ever  take  place,  until  either  Baltimore 
in  their  hands,  or  they  had  at  least  est  '  bed  position  in 
that,  country,  as  it  was  well  known  that  the  inhabitants  of 
Wash  rick  counties  were  far  from  1 

mous  in  their  opinions,  and  that  in   many  districts 
Unionists  were  considerably  in  the  maj 

After  remaining  in  Mar!,!  irae,  General  Lee 

removed  his  army  to  Winchester.     The  enemy  occupied 
pers  Ferry  and  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  ns  far  as 
liamsport,  occasionally  throwing  bodies  of  troops  into  Virginia, 
bile  the  army  lay  at  Winch  .  .    '  ■  a  was 

charged  with  the  duty  of  watching  the   enemy.     About  the 
middle  of  October,  General    McClellan  crossed  his  arm; 
Harpers  Ferry  and  >•'  -ecu- 

pied  Charlestown  in  Jefferson  county,  irneysvill 

Baltimore  and    Ohio    railroad. 
curred  along   the  lines  daily.     On  tin  r  the 

enenv  .  from  the  Potomac  towards  Mai 

ral  Jackson  at  once  advanced  upon  them  and  dr< 

■tops  the  river.     Remaining  v  command  for 


102 

in  . 
■ 
.    md  burning  bri 

run,  in  '  point 

■ 

red. 
'an  lay  idly  v 
in   0' 

equipped  than  those  of  the  confedei  i  ul  lie  had 

suffered  too  severely   from  his  Bkill  ai 
troops,  to  wish  to  attack  him  a  2j 

Ilellan  repeated  orders  to  advan< 
ral  Lee,  but   he  contrived  to   evade 
knowing  that  his  safety  lay  in  inaction.     At   last,  h 
ceived  peremptory  ord<  e,  he  moA  body 

of  his   army   cast   of  the  Blu<  ling  the 

in   advance.      II..-  i   the 

the  Blue  Ridge,  hold  the  army  ol  1  Lee   in 

check,  and  force  that  officer  either  to  remain  in  the  Vail- 
to  move  and  pass  the  moun  to  Staunton,  -while  he 

would  send  a  column  to  attack  Richinom 

.■, ell  laid,  but  Jiot  le  the  penetration 

of  G-  Han  put  his   troops  in 

General  Jackson  wai  ■•■hind 

in,  to  prevent  him  from  occupying  themoun- 

ty  pursuit  of  Lon  that  might 

d  on.     General  ■'■ 

u  fused  him  as  to  his  intenl  I  pre- 

d  him  from  occupyii 

■     I  '•;.         superior  skill 
ral  Ja<  ■  had  outgeneralled 

him  . 

ilpeper.     When  the  plans  of  the  enemy  were  fully  devel- 


THOMAS    J.    JACK.        -  L03 

oped,  General  Jackson  withdrew  his  troops,  passed  the  moun- 
tains and  rejoined  General  Lee.  The  Federal  army  continued 
to  move  on  and  reached  Warrenton.     Here  I  VfcClellan 

was  deprived  of  his  command  by  his  government,  and 
cceded  by  General  Bi0-..-\' 

General  Burnside  rinding  that  General  Lee  was  determi 
to  prevent  him  from  passing  (lie   Upper   Rappahannocl 
solved  to  move   his  army  lower  down,  a 

at  Fredericksburg,  to  throw  himself  be  lond  and 

sral   Lee.     He  at  once   '        a  to  move  his  army  down  the 
tahannock,  hoping  by  attrac 
direction  to  accomplish  this  nn>  resy.     But  > 

ra]   Lee  wi  s  watchii  g  him  closely,  and  assoo 

s  to  the  ■    <  ■','  the  federal  command  1  his 

army  rapidly  towa  irg. 

aeral  Sumner  commanded  the  advance  corps  of  ' 
Burnside's  army,  and  when  he  arrived  opposite  Fi 
burg,  demanded  of  the  m  d  council  ler  of 

vas  on  the  21  >vember.     Too  cit; 

thorities,  acting  under  instructions  from  General  Lev. 
to  comply  with  the  demand.     General  Burnside  hurried  for- 
ward with  the  remainder  of  his  army,  but  when  be  rev 
the  hills  of  Stafford,  oppo  idericksburg,  he  found  the 

army  of  General  Lee  occupying  the  heights  in  the  rear  of  the 
town. 

General  Burnside  determined  to  make  the  Rappahannock 
ise  of  operations  against  Richmond,  and  fortified  his  po- 
sition.    The  hills  in  the  r<  dericksburg  were  si  rongaL 
by  the  confederal               Tor  some  timi  o  ar- 
mie^roy  watching  each  other.  gi 

On  the  11th   of  December,  General   Burnside   crossed    the 
Rappahani  :  occupied  Fredericksl 

The  army  of  Genera  bills  which  lie 

in  the  rear  of  the  town,  and  which  enclose  it  in  almost  a  serai- 
circle,  the  centre  i  :ut  four  miles  from  the  river.     The 


O 


104  v:ral 

to  a  great  extent 
::.     Immediately  i 

.  the  bluffs  I  and 

or  undergrowth.     As  the  range  of  hills  exi 

rd,  the  t#t  :   they  become 

The  left  was  within  rifle  range  of  the 
town,  and  by  far  the  strongest  point  of  the  line.  The  centre 
and  1  many  ad1 

them  of  which  they  were  deprived  on  the  left. 
The  left  was  I  General  Long  Jack- 

son wi  right.      The  order   of  the  various  divi- 

sions, proceeding  from  left   to  right,  waa  as  follows:   Ander- 
son's on  the  extreme   left,   afterward-;    Ransom's,  Mc] 
Pickett's  and  Hood's — these  comprising  L  >rps  ; 

and   Taliaferro's  of  Jackson's  corp.;.     The 
Stuart  were  posted  on  the  i 
of  the  line,  which  ng  the  hills   from  Fredericks- 

burg (on  the  left,)  to  the  Massaponax  creek  (on  the  right.) 
Eweii's  (now  under  Early)  and  D.  H.  Hill's  divisions  had  been 
stationed  near  Port  Royal  to  prevent  a  passage  of  the  river  at 
that  point  by  the  enemy,  and  as  soon  as  Burnside  revealed  his 

ick.     They  reached  the  held  about 

o(  the  battle,  and  took  position  on 

tin-  right  to  act  as  a  support  to  the  rest  of  Jackson's  corps. 

About  nine  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  13th  of  Do 
her,  the   enemy  i  column  to  attack  General 

JjAsonV  ■  Lheir  movement  being  partially  concealed 

.  erhung  the  entire  iield.     General  A.  P. 
Hill  had  bee  I  with  hi-  at  Hamilton 

(jpgs — the  centre  of  the  confederate  line — and  upon  this  point 
was  directed, 
soon  as  the  enemy  were  seen  approaching,  General  Stu- 
art moved   forward  his  horse  under  Major  Pelham, 
and  opened  an  enfilading  fire  upon  them,  doing  great  execution. 
At  tho  same  tiroe  the  troops  of  General  Hill  became  hotly  on- 


J.   JACK50S.  •  105 

gaged.     The  confederates  had  the  advantage  in  position,  but 
the  '  outnumbered  them.     Twice  the  enemy  furi- 

ously assailed  General  Jackson's  position.    Once,  two  of  Hill's 
idea  were  driven  back  upon  his  second  line,  and  the  enemy 
d    ;   in   occupying  a  portion  of  the  woods  on  the  crest. 
But  their   S»OC  s  of.  short  duration,  for  Early  hurrying 

forward  with  a  part  of  his  division,  fell  upon  them  with  fury, 
drove  them  from  the  hill  and  across  the  plain  below,  and  only 
I  is  pursuit  when   his   men  came  under  the  fire  of  the 
A  batteries  on  the  opp  le  of  the  river.     The 

of  the  enemy's  column,  extending  beyond  Hill's  front,  took 
n  of  a   copse   of  woods   in   front  of  the   position   of 
General  Hood,  but  were  quickly  driven  from  it  with  loss. 
Soon  after  the  repulse  of  the  attack  on  the  right,  the  enemy 
j  a  furious  charge  upon-  the   Southern  left  under  General 
LongstreeL     '  ached   gallantly — the  Irish  division 

being  in  the  advance.     These  troops  fought  operation, 

but  in  vain.      From  Marye's  hill.  Walton's  guns  and  Mel 
infantry  hurl  ful  fire  upon  them,  and  swept  them  back 

with  torn  and  shatl  the  town.     About  dark  the 

enemy  made  i  jsault  upon   the  hill,  supported  by  a  ter- 

rible m  the  federal  batteries  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 

repulsed  and  driven  into, the  town. 
The  losses  sustained  by  ny  in  these  several  attacks 

were   ver  and   the   remnants  of  that  splendid  army, 

which  had  so  vaunting  d  the  Rappahannock,  crowded 

ight  into   Fredericksburg  in  the  greatest  demoralization 
and  confusion.     They  ran  through  the  streets  and  cower 
tht^ella,  refusing   to  go  back  to  the  field  again. 

*Hai(JPfen^ral  Lee  opened  his  guns  upon  the  town  that  night,  a 
■  he  destruction  of  the  greater  portion  of 
the 

i  reneral    B  •    01  1<  rt  for  a  s<  -  ond 

upon  the  confederate  lines,  but  the  troops  refused  t< 

1        riting  thi  1  to  bins, 
M 


■ 


L06  i.iEnrN  iNT-aENBRAi 

induced  him  to  recall  his  order.-.     The  day  was  spent  in  bury- 

Ebr  the  wounded.     On  Monday,  the 

.  the  enemy  continued  in  Fred'  ;.  but  made  no  de- 

■  1),  and  at  night,  under  the  cover  of  a  orm, 

recror-sed  the  river. 

The   confederate  loss  in  this  engagement  was  about  1,800, 
including  Generals  T.  B.  R.  Cobb  and  Gregg.     Tin-  en: 
loss  has  been  estimated  at  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  thon 
men,  including  Generals  Bayard  and  Jackson  killed,  and  sev- 
generals  wounded,  and  1,626  prisoners. 
During  the  battle,  General  Jackson  was  conspicuous  for  his 
gallantry.     Just  j>efore   the  battle   began,  he  rode  along  the 
lines  dressed  in  a  handsome  new  uniform,  the  gift  of  a  friend. 
It  was  his  habit  to  dress  very  plainly,  and  his  men  had  grown 
tomed  to  watch. for  their  general  just  before  the  battle 
.'.  never  failing  to  recognize  him  by  the  old  slouched  hat 
and  the  faded  gray  uniform,  when  too  far  oil  to  distinguish  his 
features.     Never   before   had  they  failed  to  shout  until  the 
heavens  rung,  when  they  saw  him  approach.     Now  they  glanced 
carelessly  at  the  officer  in  the  handsome  uniform,  and  gazed 
tiently  up  and  down  the  lines,  wondering  why  "  Old  Stone- 
wall" did  not  ;  After  he   i,  ed  them,  it  became 
known  to  tlnjm  that  the  officer  in  the  lino  uniform  was   their 
general,  and  they  ,                                  exclamations  of  regret 
at  haying  suffered  him  to  pass  them  without  cheering  him.    It 
is  related  of  him,  that  as  the  action  began,  he  was  standing  by 
tral  Lee,  watching  the  advance  of  the  enemy.     The  gal- 
lant Pelhain  was  bravely  contending  against  a  heavy  fire  from 
the  federal  batteries.     Turning  to  General  Jackson,  GejMral 
Lee  exclaimed : 

"  It  is  inspiriting  to  see  such  glorious  courage   in  one  so 
young." 

General  Jackson  replied  in  his  quiet,  firm  way  : 
"  With  a  IYlham  upon  either   ilank,  I  could   vanquish  the 
world." 


■ 


THOMAS    J.    JACESOS".  107 

Shortly  after  this,  General  Longstreet  asked  him,'smilii 
as  he  pointed  to  the  federal  column  which  was  approaching  to 
attack  the  right : 

''Are  you  not  s •        s  you  have  before 

you,  down  there?" 

"Wait  till  they  come  a  little  nearer," 

hall  either  scare  rue.  or  I'll  iem." 

At  a  critical  period  of  the  engagement.  General  Lee  sent  an 
aid  with  an  (>:  GeneralJackdon.     The 

ing  fur  him  in  the  midst  of  a  h  my,  when 

he  heard  some  <>ne  exclaim: 

••  Dismount,  sir  !  dismount  !      You  will   certainly  he  killed 
there:"' 

Glancing  around,  he  saw  GeneralJackson  I  upon  his 

back,  upon  the  ground,  while  the  balls  were  whistling  all 
around  him.  Alighting,  he  gave  him  General  Lee's  order. 
Making  the  officer  lie  down  by  him,  General  Jackson  read  the 
age,  and  turning  over  wrote  a  reply.  Handing  it  to  the 
aid,  he  resumed  his  original  position  in  the  coolest  and  most 
unconcerned  manner  imaginable. 

During   this  battle   there  was  witnessed  a  spectacle,  wl 
although  it  was  now  so  familiar  to  the  men,  was  unsurpi        ; 
ny  seen  that  day.     Riding  forward  a  short  distance  in 
front  of  the  army,  and  uncovering  his  head,  and  raising  his 
to  Heaven,  General  Jackson  prayed  the  God  of  battles  to 
ith  the  army  that  day.      The  troops  looked  on  with 
encd  hearts,  and  it  would  have   fared  badly  with  the  wretch 
could  have  dared  to  make  light  of  such  a  scene  in  the 
prMence  of  one  of  Jackson's  men. 

After  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  the  army  continued  to 
ion  on  the  hill-,  awaiting  tin-  advance  of  the 
enemy.     General  Jackson  '  himself  in  looking  aft' 

•  make  them 
During  the  second  of  the  first  congress,  (earlj 

1863)  the  president  was  authorised  to  confer  upon  a  certain 


! 

num' 

on  as  this  law  was 

■il  Jackson  (among  othe.-  w  rank. 

in  April,  the  movement  leral  Hooker,  now  in 

command  of  the  federal  army, 

LCter,  and  it  became  evi  I  -i  bittle  - 

•  fought. 
One  evening  late  in   \.pril 
with  a  member  ving 

that  a  grejtt  battle  was  pro- 

i  d,  he  became  unu  Sud< 

was  Bileni  for  some  moinei.  humbly  and  i 

rently,  "My  trust  is  i  .  spirit  of  the 

warrior  r  tin  him,  he  raised  .:s  full  hei 

and  i"  I  proud!-, 

enthusiasm — >l  1  Wish  they  i 

Having  determined  to  cr<  3S  tl 
Hooker  began  to  put  his  plan  inl  Ith  of 

April  he  crossed  a  column  at  Deep  run  I  "edoricksbi 

»nl  of  Gi  Early's  position.     After  severe  skir- 

og,  Barl;  this  column  t  i  close  tothesl 

of  the  river.     Hop 

an  at  Deep  run,  and  thus 

ral  Hoot  r  leaving  at  Falmouth, 

mty- 
five  miles  up  the  Rappahannock.  he  river.     The 

n   at   Deep   run    •  t   to    the 

side.     It  was  General  Hooker's  in  trong 

t  to  submit  to  an  attack  in  his  rear,  or  I  i  '•       •  his  v 
on  tl  rvania  hills   and   come   out   and  fight  him  i 

I,  where   he  hoped   that  his  superior  numb 
him  the  victory.       v  leral   Leo   should  ad- 

vance to  nioet  him,  Sedgwick  w:  •  "r  at  Fn 

icksburg  and  fa  ink.     In 


** 


THOMAS   J.    JACKS  109 

ral  Lee's  communications  ~with  Rich;.  m  of 

assistance,  General  Stoneraan,  with  the  cavalry,'  was  to  fall 
suddenly  upon  the  Fredericksburg  and  Central  railroads,  de- 
stroy them,  and  then  do  what  other  damn  go  he  could. 

About  noon  on  the  29th  of  April,  G  informed 

that  a  large  force  of  the  enemy  had   crossed   the  Rappahan- 
nock atKelley's  and  Ellis'  fords,  and  v,  ,  dsEly's 
and  German na  fords  od                idan.     V 
Anderson's  division  (Posey's  andM  il  .  med 
for  some  time  at,  these  points  to                                       to  Fred- 
ericksburg.    Unable  to  stand  before  th 
heavy  columns,  they  retired  to  Chancel 
determined  to  make  a  stand.     General  Wri  >>nce 
ordered   to   their   assistance,  and  re                                      le  at 
daylight  on  the  morning  of  the  30th.     General  .' 
comcup  during  the  night,  and  havic 
information  respecting  the  strength  of  the  enemy 
to  fall  back  to  a  point  five  miles  nearer  >                       rg,  where 
the  road  leading  from  United 

road)  crosses  the  Oran;  plank  road. 

point  was   reached   about   eighl 
General  Anderson,  disposing   his  forces   in  line  of 
solved  to   hold  his  position  until  h 
from  General  Lee.     II! 

men,  while  Hooker  brought  with  .him  nearly  his 
■  enemy  halt  ille. 

The  held  by  the 

. 
Oh  :  of  one  I 

four 

nr  or 

I 


# 


: 

'■■ 

1st  of 
u  the 

by  the 

i,  and 

"  D   Uji 

incellorsi  ille,  and 

i 
I 
pa  ota  Th 

\t  mornii 

e  punishment  upon  Gei 

■]•  il  Jackson   to   turn  his  right 

, . .iv  in  wh  drive 

him  •  upon  < 

■  hold 
tion  in  tin 

3 

socute 

me  up 

«.  upon  the 

. 

of  General  •  while  Ma- 

rnpike.     The 
.  Hill  and  held  in  r 

to  l»  ity  might  In  a 

I  with 
i  line. 


w 

11 1 

two  miles  from  Chancellorsville.     The  enemy  wore  admirably 
posted  along  a  line  of  thick  woods  in  the  rear  of  a  large,  op 
space.     Advancing  bis  troopa  rapidly,  General  Jackson  en- 
them,  and   s'oon   the  action  becan>  the 

whole  front,  and  continued  Tor  about  an  hour.     At  the  expira- 
tion of  that  time  General  Jackson  order    t  G«  rier  I  Wright  to 
file  his  brigade  off  to  the  left  of  the  plank  road,  and  moving  to- 
wards the  enemy's  right,  to  fall  upon  them  at  I  I 
General  Posey  would  continue  to  engage  them  in  I  'lo- 
ving on  in  the  direction    indicated.  General    v 
the  track  of  the  Orange  and  Fredericksburg  railroad,  and  k< 
up  that  road  until  he  reached  an  iron  furnace  i 
from  Chancellorsville.     He  was  met  here  by  I  :-f, 
who  was  mano&uvering  in  the  neighborhood,  and  in 
the  enemy  were  poa                            between  tl 
Chancellorsville,  and  half  a  mile  from  the  fun 
now  completely  in  the  rear  of  the  force  which  Ge  ■ 
was  engaging  in  front,  and,  changing  his  dire;                    i    me 
with   them.     After  a  sharp  engagement  h  in 
ring  them  from  the  woods  into  the  open  country  around 
Chaneellorsville.     Receiving  a  reinforcement  of  artillery  £r< 
.i  Stuart,  he  soon  drove  them   a 
d   into  the  woods  on  the  opposite  side.     Night  coming  on, 
the  firing  ce:. 

soon  as  Wright  commenced  his  vigorous  attack  u 
enemy's  flank  and  rear,  the  federal  troops  in  front  of  General 
J-  ,i  to  gh  id  when  nighl  came 

n  driven  back  to  Chancellorsville. 
eral  Wri  now  ordered   to  a  point   on   the  pi 

^^■oad,       •  iron  fun  d   the  main  b  •    my 

pas  re. 

The  nigh 

og  or  protection  of  any  kind,  one  of  hi 
him  J;:,  cape,  and  ■<■-  -r  -  inch 
it.     During  the  nigl  fttl  1 


I 

* 

turn   it 

\  in  front  •  ith  him 

L  P.  Hill, 

around  the  ' 

Wildern 

upon  the  works  which 

and  droi 
aring  heavily  upon  them,  General  Jack- 

sed  them  I 
i         -  -,<  ■•    dark,  and  the  battle  en 

o 
,i|iK-ti'lv  between  :!fr  cii'Miiy^k 
all  hope  of  their  escape. 

:■•  nt^ite 

.  in  the  fl  .   a  coun- 

;nd  yet  in  spit 


THOMAS    .).    ./ACKfuX.  118 

all  these  obstacles,  General  Jackson,  with  a  smaller  force. 
penetrated   tli  I   the  fortific: 

the  enemy  froi  in  confusion,  and  doubled  up  th 

wing  upon  their  centre.     In  this  engagement  General   A.  P. 
Hill  was  slightly  wounded. 

AJfter  the  battle  closed.  General  Jackson,  ac  d  by 

taff,  a  portion  of  General  Hill's  staff  and  his  couriers,  rode 
Forward  to  reconnoitre  the  position  of  the  enemy.  Before 
leaving  bis  lines  he  gave  orders  to  fire  upon  any  one  approach- 
ing by  the  road.  Upon  finishing  his  observations,  and  discov- 
ering the  enemy's  skirmishers  approaching,  he  turned  to  ride 
back,  forgetting,  doubtless,  the  orders  that  he  had  given.  As 
the  party  came  near  the  Southern  lines,  they  were  mistaken 
for  a  body  of  federal  cavalry  and  fired  upon.  General  Jack- 
sou  was  struck  by  three  balls.  One  entered  the  left  arm,  two 
inches  below  the  shoulder  joint,  shatt<  ringthe  "none  and  sever- 
ing the  principal  artery:  another  entered  the  same  arm  be- 
tween the  elbow  and  the  wrist,  passing  out  through  the  palm  of 
the  hand,  and  the  third  entered  the  palm  of  the  right  hand, 
about  the  middle,  and  |  through,  broke  two  of  the  b 

This  occurred  about  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  on  the  plank 
road,  about  fifty  yards  in  advance  of  the  enemy.  One  of 
ral  dackson's  staff  and  two  couriers  were  killed,  and 
another  staff  officer  wounded  by  this  discharge.  General  ■'• 
•■>ii  at  once  fell  from  his  horse,  and  was  caught  by  Captain 
alley.  He  said  to  him  calmly,  as  that  officer  knelt  by 
him  :   "  All  my  wounds  are  by  own  men." 

The  firing  was  now  r<  by  both  armies,     GeneralJack- 

,  ,  ■  >     I  upon  a  litter,  an'  '  for  the  rear. 

'  ad   to   be   carried  along  the  line  of  fir  of  the 

litter  be;  thrown 

and,  adi 
and  1  \ 

for   the    Li 
such  a  In  directed  I  l<  a>  c  him 


1  14  LIEITKNANT  - 

until  it  Blackened,  and  for  five  minutes  he  was  left  alone,  ex- 

the  fearful  storm  of  halls  that  swept  tTie  field  thi 
all  ;..  tund  him.     When  the  firing  Blackened,  lie  was  placed  in 
;m  ambulance  and  carried  to  the  hospital  near  Wilderness  run. 

As  he  was  being  carried  from  the  field,  frequent  or.qu 
were  made  by  the  men,  "Who  have  you  there?"     lie  turned 
to  tli'  t,  who  was  with  hi  aid : 

"Do  not  tell  the  troops  I  am  wounded." 
He  lost  much  blood,  and  but  for  the  a]  i  of  a  tourni- 

quet, would  have  bled  to  death.     F<  Imost 

pulseless.     At  one  time  he  thought  li"  wa    <!;.  tour- 

niquet was  applied. 

General  Hill  being  disabled  by   his  wound.  General   Stuart 
was  sent   for,  and  took   command   of  3  The 

next  day,  the  enemy  wove  routed  and  driven  from  Chancellors- 
ville  to  the  banks  of  the  Rappahannock.  On  the  same  day 
1 .  ral  Sedgewick  crossed  at  Fredericksburg,  and  carried  the 
hills  in  the  rear  of  the  place.  On  Monday  (4th  May,) 
General  Lee,  moved  back  with  a  portion  of  his  army,  and  drove 
Sedgewick  across  the  river.  Having  disposed  of  Sedgewick, 
ttoed  upon  Hooker,  who    \  ■   to  the 

banks   of  the  Rappahannock.      A  .  torm   delayed  his 

tnent,  and  Hooker  taking  advantage  of  it,  retreated  a 
the  river.     After  General  Jack  carried  to  the  hospital, 

and  had  recovered  slightly  from  t^  -  prostration  caused 

if  so  much  blood,  Drs.  Black,  Coleman,  McGuire 
and  Walls,  the  surgeons  in  attendance  upon  him,  held  a  con- 
sultation with  reference  to  his  wounds,  and  decided  that  ampu- 

i  w.as  necessary.     Dr.  McGuire  approached  the  Gc: 
and  asked  him  : 

"If  we  find  amputation  necessary,  shall  it  I  ice?" 

General  Jackson  replied  promptly,  and  firmly: 
"Yes!   certainly — Dr.  McGuire   do   for   me   whatever  you 
.think  right." 

The  operation  was  performed  while  the  General  wa^  under 


THOMAS   J.    JACKSON.  115 

the  influence  of  chloroform,  and  he  bore  it  well.  Sometime 
afterwards,  he  stated  to  a  friend  that  his  sensations  in  taking 
chloroform  were  delightful,  tb.it  he  was  conscious  of  everything 
that  was  done  to  him,  that  the  sawing  of  his  bone  sounded  like 
the  sweetest  music,  and  every:  feeling  was  pleasant. 

As  soon  as  General  Jackson  was  wounded,  ho  sent  infor- 
mation of  the  sad  event  to  General  Lee.  The  messei 
reached  his  headquarters  about  four  o'clock  on  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and  found  the  commander-in-chief  resting  upon  a  bed  of 
straw.  Upon  being  informed  of  General  Jackson's  misfortune, 
he  exclaimed  : 

"Thank  God  it  is  no  worse:  God  be  praised  lie  is  still  alive." 
Then  he  added;  "  Any  victory  is  a  dear  one  that  deprives  us 
of  the  services  of  Jackson,  even  for  a  short  time." 

The  officer  who  brought  the, information  remarked  that  he 
believed  it  was  General  Jackson's  intention  to  have  pressed 
the  enemy  on  Sunday,  had  he  been  spared.  General  Lee  said 
quietly:  "These  people  shall  be  pressed  to-day."  Rising  and 
-ing,  he  partook  of  his  simple  meal  of  ham  and  crackers 
and  set  out  for  the  field.  The  history  of  that  day  proved  that 
he  remembered  his  promise. 

After  the  defeat  of  Hooker,  General  Lee  addressed  to  Gene- 
ral Jackson,  the  following  noble  letter,  which  is  characteristic 
of  him: 

"General:  I  have  ji  red    your  note  informing   me  that  you- 'were 

wounded.  I  cannot  express  my  regret  at  the  occurrence.  Could  I  have 
dictated  events,  I  should  have  ehosen  for  the  good  of  the  country,  to  have 
been  disabled  in  j 

"I  congratulate' you  upon  the  victory  which  is  due   to  your -kill   and  on- 

When  this  note  was  read  to  him,  (it  is  said.)  General  Jack- 
son exclaimed  v\ith  emotion  : 

"Far  better  for  the  Confederacy  that  ten  Jacksons  should 
fallen,  than  one  I.  Then  he  added,  calmly  and  hum- 

Wy:     "General  Lee  should  give  the  glory  to  GooV' 


116  LHJ1  BfcAL 

day  morning]  for  a  short  while.     During  the 

ry  cheerful.     Pointing  to  his  mutilated  left  b 

I  One  of  his  :: 
••  Many  people  would  regard  this  as  a  great  misfortune.     T 
i  it  as  one  of  the  greatest  ^lesa  my  life/4 

The  officer  replied :  W,AI1  things  work  together  for  good  to 
tho<e  that  love  God." 

"Yes!  yes!"  was  the  earnest  reply.     ''That's  it." 

He  sent  for  Mrs.  Jackson,  who  was  in  Richmond. 

He  asked  many  questions  about  the  battle  of  the  previous 
day,  and  spoke  cheerfully  of  the  final  result.  Turning  to  a 
friend,  he  said : 

"If  I  had  not  been  wounded,  or  had  had  an  hour  more  of 
daylight,  I  would  have  cut  off  the  enemy  from  the  road  to 
United  States  ford,  and  we  would  have  had  them  entirely  sur- 
rounded, and  they  would  have  been  obliged  to  surrender,  or 
cut  their  way  out;  they  had  no  other  alternatives  My  1: 
may  sometimes  fail  in  driving  the  enemy  from  a  position,"  he 
added  with  a  smile;  "but  the  enemy  always/fail  to  drive  my 
men  from  a  position." 

He  spoke  in  the  highest  terms  of  the  conduct  of  General 
Rhodes  during  the  battle,  and  said  that  he  had  fairly  won  his 
major-general's  commission,  which  ought  to  date  from  the  day 
of  the  battle.  General  Jackson  had  conferred  this  rank  upon 
him,  on  the  field,  and  the  president  afterwards  confirmed  it. 
He  complained  during  the  day  of  the  effects  of  his  fall  from 
the  litter,  though  as  yet,  they  were  not  visible. 

On  Sunday  night  he  slept  well. 

On  Monday  he  was  carried  to  Chancellor's  house,  near 
tation.  He  was  still  cheerful,  and  questioned  t 
around  him  as  to  the  battle  of  Sunday.  "When  he  was  told  of 
the  grand  charge  of  his  old  "Stonewall  brigade,"  led  by  | 
General  Stuart  in  person,  how  with  the  shout  "  charge  and  re- 
member Jackson!''  they  pressed  on,  in  that  irresistible  ad- 
vance, over  the  dead  and  the  dying,  and  how  with  torn  and 


THOMAS  ,l.    JACKSON.  .1  17 

mangled  ranks,  they  drove  the  enemy  from  the  field,  his  eyes 
flashed,  his  breast  heaved,  and  he  exclaimed  with  deep  emo- 
tion: 

"It  was  just  like  them  !  it  was  just  like  them  !  They  are 
a  noble  body  of  men." 

Afterwards  he  remarked  that,  "the  men  who  live  through 
this  war  will  be  proud  to  say  to  their  children,  'I  was  one  of 
the  Stonewall  brigade.'"  lie  also  said  that  the  term  "  Stone*- 
wall"  belonged  to  his  old  brigade,  rather  than  to  himself,  and 
insisted  that  it  should  be  colled  by  it.  lie  was  very  much  af- 
i  by  the  news  of  the  death  of  his  friend.  General  Pax- 
ton. 

During  his  sufferings,  his  mind  very  frequently  ran  upon  re- 
ligious subjects.  Speaking  with  one  of  his  staff  as  to  whether 
those  who  were  miraculously  cured  by  Jesus,  ever  had  a  return 
of  the  disease,' he  exclaimed: 

"I  do  not  think  they  could  have  -returned,  for  the  power 
was  too  great — the  poor  paralytic  would  never  again  shake 
with  palsey.     Oh!   for  infinite  power." 

While  he  was  being  carried  to  Guinea's,  he  complained  of 
the  intense  heat,  and  asked  that  a  wet  cloth  might  be  placed  to 
his  stomach.  This  was  done,  and  he  seemed  to  be  greatly  re- 
lieved.    On  Monday  night  he  slept  well. 

On  Tuesday  he  seemed  to  be  better  and  ate  with  relish. 
During  the  day  he  asked  his  surgeon : 

'•'Can  you  tell  me  from  tin."  appearance  of  my  wounds,  how 
long  I  will  be  kept  from  the  fiel 

lie  was  told  that  he  was  doing  remarkably  Well,  and  if  he 
continued  ;:  would  not  lie  long.     Soonaftci  thtshe 

ssed  a  wish  to  set;   the  members  of  his  staff,  hut  was 
vised  w     co  do  so,  as  he  needed  repi 

On  Wednesday  his  wounds  seemed  to  be  improving.     It  had 
•    i  that  he  should  go  to  Richmond  to-day,  hut  a 
gain  prevented  it.     At  night  he  slept  very  badly,     lli^    sur- 
geon, who  had  been  without  sleep  for  three   nights,  was  advi- 


-  '    .    - .  ,      ERAL 

.  and  while  he  was  asleep,  General  .1 

icknes  .  and  ordered  his  servant  to  pla 

?toraach.     Anout  daylight,  the  surgeon  was 

awakened  by  this  servant,  who  informed  him  that  the  General 

pain.     Upon  examination  it  was  found  that 

ia  1  id  set  in,  resulting  from  his  exposure  on  the  night 

took  weak  and  exhau 
the  disease  increased  alarmingly. 
On  Thursday  Mrs.  Jackson  arrived  from  Richmond.     This 

improve  under 
faithful  j  if  his  wife.      He  was  in  pain  during  the 

all    pain   had   left  him.     Still   hi 
ratiph. 
On  Friday  he  was  free  from   pain,  hut  the  prostration  in- 

away,  and  he  grew  fee  ery  hour, 

morning  it  was  evident  to  all  that  he  was  sink- 
apidly.     Mrs.  Ja  -informed  of  this,  and  reqi 

ke  it  known  to  hei  ad. 

Upon  this  day  be  was  very  calm  and  cheerjfuland  endeavor- 
around  him.     Turning  to  his  wife,  he  said  to 
rly: 
ul  know  you   w   uld  glad  for  me,  but  1  am 

I!      !)>»   nol  be   sad — I  hall   recover. 

Pra^  '  member  in  your  prayers  to  use  the 

• 

the  i  vent  of  his  death,  to  return  to  her 
.  and  added: 
"You   have  a    kind,  good  father.     But  there  is  no  one  so 
kind  and  good  as  your  heavenly  father." 

Iturini  his  illness  he  manifested  towards  all  around  him  and 

to  his  wife,  a  greater  degree  of  gentleness  and  ten- 

ial  with  kirn.     It  was  the  calm  sternness 

place  to  the  outgushings  of  a   pur.' 

uirgeons  told  his  wife  that  he  could 


THOMAS    •].    J  e'K  119 

not  live  move  than  two  houi  informed  liim  of  the  fact. 

He  replied  that  he  was  willing  to  die,  and  added: 

"It  will  be  infinite  gain  to  bo  translated  to  heaven,  and  be 
with  Jesus'." 

It  had   ever  been  with  him,  a  cherished  wish   to  die   on  the 
sabbath,  and  now  Gotl  was   about  to   grant  his   wish.     1; 
been  his  custom  to  see  that  religious  services  were   held  r 
larly  in  his  camp,  ami  early  on  Sunday  morning,  lie  asked  who 
was  to  preach  to  the  men   that  day,  and   upon  learning 
they  would  not  be  deprived  that  day  of  their  accustomed 
vices,  seemed  satisfied. 

After   parting  with  his  wife,  and  his  ling 

messages  to  the  various  Generals  with  whom  lie  n  as- 

sociated, and  to  his  men,  and  e  .  that  he  had 

frequently  mentioned  before,    that  General  Ewell  should  suc- 
ceed him  in  the  command  of  his   corps,  and  hife   desire  to  be 
buried   in  Lexington,  Virginia,  he   became  slightly   delirii 
Occasionally  in  his  wanderings,  he  would   speak  of  some  reli- 
and  then  give  an  order.     Among  his  last  w 
ivas  heard  to  exclaim: 

"Order  A.  P.  Hill   to  prepare  for  action."     "Pass  the  in- 
fantry to  the   front."     "Tell   Major  Hawks   to  send 
provisions  to  the  men."     "Let  us  cross  over  the  river,  and 
rest  under  the  shade  of  the  trees." 

ii  he  sank  gradually,  and  at  fifteen  minutes  after  three 
'•:,   in  the   afternoon  of  th  Mi y,  he  expired 

peac<  fully.     H'i<  soul  had  dark  river  and  wa 

heaven.     The   brief  but  eventful 
f  this   great  and  good  man  was  ended,  and  now   i;. 
:h   year,  he  was  lost  to  his  count: 
much. 

The  mnding  of  C  m  filled  the 

army  with  the  most  profound  andun 

vitcdly,  and  b 
M  stout-hearted   veteran*,  -who 


120  LIB1  rBNANT-G]  NER  \i. 

ions  innumerable,  and  dangers  the 
d         appalling,  without  a  murmur,  wept   like   children    \ 
told  that   their  idolized  general   was  no   more.     The  death  of 
Jackson  was  communii  •  the  army  by  Gei 

a  th"  following  order: 

HBADQ4   kBTBl  s    Vi  MM  \.  I 

) 

Order*  No.  Gl. 

"With    deep   grief  the   Commanding  genera]   announces  to  the  arm;, 
dcv.th  of  Lieutenant-general  T.  J.  .larks.;:,  w'.io  expired  on  the  loth  in^t., 
at  quarter  past  three  P.  M.     The  daring,  skill  an  r  and 

good  soldier,  by  the  decree  of  an  All-Wise  Providence,  are  now  lost  to  us. 
But  while  we  mourn  his  death,  we  feel  that  hi-  pirit  li!!  live.-,  and  will  in- 
spire the  whole  army  with  his  indomitable  courage,  and  unshaken  confi- 
dence iu  God,  as  our  hope  ami  strength.  Let  his  nai  i  itchword  to 
his  corps,  who  have  followed  him  to  victory  on  so  man]  ii<  Ids.  Let  his  of- 
ddiers  emulate  his  invincible  determination  to  do  everything  in 
the.  defence  of  our  beloved  country. 

R.  E  'leral. 

Throughout  the  country  the  news  of  the  woundi  .m- 

ral  Jackson  had  carried  the  greatest  grief  and  alarm.  The 
people  had  learned  to  look  upon  him  as  the  great  champion  of 
the  South,  and  they  were  filled  with  serious  apprehension, 
when  they  contemplated  the  probability  of  losing  his  services. 
bo  hear  from  him,  was  everywhere  mani- 
fested'; for  ther  '  was  not  a  heart  in  the  South  that  did  not 
throb  more  warmly,  when  the  name  of  "Stonewall  Jackson" 
was  mentioned.     A  week  of  long  andanxious  suspense  passefl 

,  and  at  last,  when  all  were,  to  a  certain  degree  pre; 
fir  it,  the  news  came  that  the  idol  of  the  South  wis  no  i 
The  first    information  of  the  death   of  General   Jackson   was 
telegraphed  to  the  governor  of  Virginia,  and  then  hurried  all 
over  the  land,  carrying  sorrow  wherever  it  went. 

()i  morning  the   li  :.i  was  announced 

that   th"  remains  of  General  Jackson  would 
during  the  day,  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  at  once   requested 
■I!  pi  fsona  to   suspend  business  nftcr  ten  o'clock,  in  token  of 


MAS   J.    JACKSON.  12X 

their  respect  for  the  departed  hero.     All  stores,  workshops, 
the  government  departments,  and  all  places  in  which 
Was  performed,  were  closed.     Flags  were  hung  at  half  mast, 
and  a   deep    silence   reigned    over    the    capital    of   Virginia. 
Largecro  i  the  streets,  and  in  spite  of  the  intense  heat, 

waited  patiently  for  the  arrival   of  the  c:rs  from  Fredericks* 
burg. 

Shortly  .:■  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the  special  train 

containing  the  precious  burdm,. moved  slowly  into  the  city. 
Only  the  solemn  peals  of  tl  as  they  tolled  their  mourn- 

ful knell,  brok  silence  that  reigned  ov  hing 

At  the   depot  the   coffin  was  removed  from  the  cars,    nd 
placed  in  a  hearse  to  be  carried  to  the?  mansion  of  tne  g 
nor.     The  escort  which  received  it,  consisted  of  Major-, 
ral  Elaey  and  tate   Guard  of  Virginia'^  with  .•  ••  >rs 

shrouded  in  ua  g,  the  forty-fourth  North  Carolin         d 

the  first  "V  (after  which  came  thi   h( 

ral  Jackson's  staff)  the  city  authorities  and  citizen     on 
foot. 

The  remains  were  escorted  to  the  mansion  of  the  eovei 
and  placed  in  tl  •    reception  parlor.     The  lid  of  the  c 
removed,  the   i  of  the  Confederacy,  which  had   neves 

•  been  u  ,■  I    For  any   purpose,  was  thrown  over  it,  ai  !   a 
singly  wreath   o     '  lure!  laid  upon  the  lifeless  breast.     Du 
the  evening  his   .  iends  were  allowed  to  visit  the  body.     The 
only  change  thai    ras  perceptible,  was  that  the  feature 
somewhat  smalki    than  they  were  in  life.     But  there 
the  firm,  grave  expression  which  had  always  dwelt  there,  ami 
above  all,  there  rested  upon  the  lifeless  countenance,  an  ex- 
pression of  ha  ipiness  and  peace,  so  perfect   and  so   int< 
that  the  gazer  wa:  awed  and  thrilled  by  it. 

During  I  the  body  was  embalmed,  and  a  plaster 

tal  that  they  might  be  preserved 

in  ni-i 


122  LIKrTKNA.VT  '.UXKKAI. 

The  next  day,  all  the  honors  that  his  native  state  could  Lavish 

upon  her  noble  son,  were  heaped  upon  him.     At  cloven  o'clock 

his  body  was  removed  from  the  executive  mansion,  and  con- 

;  with  appropriate  ceremonies  to  the  capitol  of  Virginia. 

The  procession  was  formed  in  the  following  order,  the  troops 
marching  with  reversed  arms  : 

A  "br;i=s  band. 

'    The  10th  regiment  of  Virginia  infantry. 

'   The  3Gth  regiment  of  Virginia  infantry. 

The  State  guard  of  Virginia. 

Major-general  Pickett  and  staff,  mounted. 

A  battery  (6  pieces)  of  artillery. 

A  squadron  of  cavalry. 

THE  HEARSE, 

containing  the  coffin, 

With  Major-general  Ewell,   Brigadier-generals  Winder,  Churchill,  Corse, 

Stuart,  (G.  H.)  Kemper  and  Garnett.  and  Admiral  Forrest  of 

the  navy,  as  pall  bearers. 

The  favorite  horse  of  General  Jackson,  fully   caparisoned  and  led  by  his 

servant. 
The  members  of  the  old  "  Stonewall  brigade,''  who  were  present  in  the  city. 

A  band  of  music. 

■ 

Major-general  Elzey  and  staff. 

The  officials  of  the  military  department  of  Henrico. 

A  carriage  containing  the  president  of  the  Confederate  Si 

The  members  of  the  cabinet  on  foot. 

The  he%ds  of  bureaux,  and  their  clerks,  on  foot. 

The  governor  of* Virginia  and  his  aids. 

The  state  officers  and  clerks. 

The  mayor  and  city  authorities. 

The  judges  of  the  state^ind  confederate  courts. 

Citizens  on  foot. 


The  procession  moved  from  the  executive  mansion,  down 
Governor  street  into  Main,  up  Main  to  Second,  through  Sec- 
ond to  Grace,  and  down  Grace  to  the  capitol  square. 

The   streets  were   filled  with  large  crowds.     The  mournful 
ege  moved   on   in  silence,  which  was  only  broken  by  the 
solemn  strains  of  music,  and  the  discharge  "1'  artillery  :it  ta- 
ils of  half -an  hour.     Tears  rolled  down  many  cheeks,  and 


THOMAS   J.   JACKSON.  123 

hundreds  who  had  known  General  Jackson  only  bj  tl 

deeds,  wept  as  though  mourning  for  a  brother.  Su  h  an  uni- 
versal outburst  of  grief  had  neVer  beea  witnessed  in  Virginia, 
since  the  death  of  Washington. 

Uponthe  arrival  of  the  procession  at  the  square,  the  column 
was  halted,  the  body  removed  and  borne  into  the  eapitol,  where 
it  was  laid  in  stale  in  the  hall  of  the  house  of  representatives 
of  the  Confederate  States. 

At  least  twenty  thousand  persons  visited  the  hall  to  behold 
the  remains  of  the  hero  that  day. 

The  next  morning  the  remains  were  placed  on  a  special  train 
and  conveyed  to  Lynchburg.  It  was  hoped  that  General  Ja  k- 
son  would  be  buried  in  Hollywood  cemetery,  near  Richmond. 
There  Virginia  has  prepared  a  last  resting  place  for  her  hon- 
ored children.  There  rest  the  asltes  of  Monroe  and  Tyler  and 
many  of  the  good  and  brave  of  this  revolution,  and  it  was 
hoped  that  there  too  would  rest  the  dust  of  General  Jackson. 
But  it  was  his  wish  to  sleep  in  his  dearly  loved  home  in  the 
Valley,  and  thither  all  that  remained  of  him  was  carried.  On 
Wednesday  morning  the  remains  passed  through  Lynchburg. 
Minute  guns  were  fired,  bells  were  tolled,  and  a  large  proces- 
sion of  citizens  followed  the  body  through  the  city. 

On   Thursday    afternoon  they  reached   Lexington.      They 
were  met  at  the  canal  by  the  corps  of  cadets,  the  professors  of 
the  Institute,  and  a  large  number  of  citizens,  and  escortt 
the  Institute  barracks. 

The  hotly  of  General  Jacks*n  was  placed  in  the  old  lecture! 
room,  which  had  once  been  his.  Two  years  ago  he  had  left  it 
an  humble  and  almost  unknown  man ;  now  fee  returned  to  it 
with  the  hero's  laurel  wreath  encircling  his  brows,  and  en- 
shrined forever  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.  AVith  the 
exception  of  the  heavy  mourning  drapery  with  which  it  was 
hung,  the  room  was  just  as  he  had  left  it.  It  had  not  been 
occupied  during  his  absence.  The  body  was  deposited  just  in 
front  of  the  chair  in  which  )\f  u«Pd  fe,  &it.      It*Wft8  a  beautiful 


UP  •  ERAL    T. 

and  a  i  ■■•• 
■!  it. 

Gm  fired  e\  ;  the 

deepest  u'vi'  f  i  xhifeited  by 

The  next  day,  the  loth  o  enera]  Jackson  wasbnried 

in  the  cemetery  at  I-  .  where  n  of  his 

fir-.t  wife  nnd  child. 


# 

He  has  gone,  hut  his  spirit  i    .'•till  ■• 
may  it  animate  each  heart  and  ; 
struck,  for  the  freedom  of  the  land. 

There  in  the  beautiful   \  Virginia,  with  which 

name  is  so  imperishably  com.  n.   lies 

Around  him  "  the  everlasting  hills"   keep  eternal  guard,  and 
the  deep  and  unwavering  love  of  his   stricken,  but  still   _ 
ous  mother,  watch'  s  with  tender  devotion  o\ 
shall  roll  away,  empires  crumble  into  i 
away,  bul  the  memory  of  Jackson  will  still  shir.;'  out  in  all  its 
clear   and,  radiant  splendor.     And  when  tl  tat  trump 

filial]  sound,  and   the  dim  light  of  the  resurrection  morn  shall 
break  away  the  gloom  which  01  I ■•  the  world,  Virg 

whose  pure  "heart  heats  but  for  God  and  d 
found  still  watching  by  the  tomb  of  J 

And  yet,  he  is  not  Virginia's  alone :  God  gave  him  to  the 
world. 


APPENDIX: 


As  everything  connected  with  the  name  of  JACKSON  is 
oious  to  the  South,  it  may  not  be  out  of  plat 
several  interesting  incident-;. 

Colonel  Ford,  an  officer  of  the  federal  array,  relates 
lowing  incident  which  occurred  at  Harj  .' : 

"  "While  we  were  in  conversation,"  he  says,  "an  oro 
rapidly  across  the  bridge  and  said  to  General  Jackson,  ;T  am 
ordered  by  General  McLaws  to  report 
McClcllan  is  within  six  miles  with,  an  immense  army."    -: 
took  no  notice  of  the  orderly  apparently,  and   continued 
conversation;  but  when  the  orderly  had  ( 

I  alter  him,  v, '  tion,   'Has  McCle 

train  or  drove  of  cattle?'     The  reply  was 
sou   remarked  that  he  could  whip  any  army 
lowed  by  a  flock  of  cattle,  alluding  to  tin  .  of 

hisn; 


The  Rev.  Dr.  Moore,  of  Richmond,  in  a  sermon  in  memory 
of  Jackson,  narrates  the  following  incident: 

•us  to  the  first  battle  of  Manassas,  wlo 
Under  Stonewall  Jackson  h 

tell  on   the  groin  isted  and   iaint.     The 

hour  arrived  for  setting  th<  tfficer 

of  the  day  went  ■■ 
men  are 

said  tin 
amp  to-night.'      A 


126  APPENDIX. 

round   that   lonely  camp,  titinel  for  that 

brave,  but  weary  and   silent    body   of  Virginia  her. 
when  odorious  morning   broke,  the  soldiers  awoke  fresji  and 
ion*,  :ill  m  the  noble  vigils  kept  over 

their  si  umbo 


A  correspondent  of  the  Knoxvill  as  follows 

of  an  interview  with  Jackson  a  few  days  before  his  death: 

"After  a  visit  td  the  Rappahannock  army,  the  writer  of 
this  made  a  parting  call  on  <  •<•;.  :ral  Jackson  in  his  ti  nt.  As 
the  last  words,  some  refereiKje  w;i.s  made 
to  what  oar  ladies  are  doing.  '  Yes,'  said  he,  'but  they  must 
not  entice  the  men  away  from  the  army.  You  may  tell  them 
so  for  me.  We  are  fighting  For  principle,  for  honor,  for  every 
thing  we  hold  dear.     If  we  fail,  -vthing.    We  shall 

tlien  be  slaves — we  shall  be  worse  than  slav  hall  have 

nothing  worth  living  for.'  ' 


The   Central  Presbyterian  publishes  a  letter  written  to   a 
friend  by  G   neral  Jackson  about  army  ehaplains.     It  says: 

••  Denominational  distinctions  should  be  kept  out  of  view — 
and  not  touched  upon.  And  a-  a  general  rule.  I  do  not  think 
that  a  chaplain  who  would  preach  denominational  sermons 
should  be  in  the  fcrmy.  His  congregation  is  his  regiment,  and 
imposed  of  various  denominations.  1  would  like  to  see  no 
questions  asked  in  the  army  what  denomination  a  chaplain 
to,  bul  lei  the  question  be,  does  he  preach  the  gospel? 
The  neglect  of  |Jje  spiritual  interests  of  the  army  ma}  b< 
from  the  fact  that  not  half  of  my  regiments  have  chaplains." 


Ai'ur  the  death  of  General  Jackson,  the  officers  and  men  of 
the  "Id  ••  Stonewall  brigade"  met  and  passed  a  series  of  reso- 
lutions, which  were  but  a  feeble  expression  of  their  feelings. 
The  followin  nl  of  their  proceedings : 


U'PEXUIX.  12" 


Cams  Paxton,  (near  Fredericksburg,  Va.)  ] 
May  16,  1863.  / 

At  the  appointed  hour  there  was  a  full  attendance  of  officers 

and  men  of  the  brigade. 

The  meeting   v.  as   organized  by   the   selection  of  Co' 
Charles    Ronald,   4th   Virginia,    as   president,    and   Adjutant 
Robert  W.  Hunter,  as  secretary. 

On  motion  of  Captain  11.  K.  Douglas,  a  Committee  of  three, 
consisting  of  Colonel  Nadenbousch,  2nd  Va.,  Major  "William 
Terry,  4th  Va.,  and  Adjutant  R.  W.  Hunter,  2nd  Ya.,  was 
appointed  tor  prepare  appropria  tions.     The  committee 

retired,  and.  after  consultation,  reported  through  Adjutant 
Hunter,  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions,  which  were 
unanimously  adopted  : 

Whereas,  it   has   phased  Almighty  God,  in   tin  •■•  of 

supreme,  but  unsearchable  wisdom,  .to  strike  down,  in  the  midst 
of  his  career  i  f  honor  and  usefulness,  our  glorious  hero,  Lieu- 
tenant-general T.  J.  Jackson,  the  officers  and  men  of  thi 
gade,  which  he  formerly  commanded,  who  have  followed   him 
through  the  trying  scones  of  this  great  struggle,  and  win 
the  1  of    Providence,  under    his    guidance,  have    been 

enabled  to  do  some  good  in  our  country's  cause;  who  hived 
and  cherished  him  as  a  friend,  honored  him  as  a  great  and 
good  man,  laboring  with  hand  and  heart  and  mind  for  our 
present  and  future  welfare  ;  who  obeyed  and  confided  in  him 
as  a  leader  of  consummate  skill  and  unyielding  fortitude,  and 
who  now  mourn  his  loss,  unite  in  the  following  tribute  of  rc- 
to  his  memory  : 

Resolved  1.  That  in  the  death  of  Lieutenant-general  J; 
son  the  world   has  lost  one  of  its   best    and   purest    men — our 
country  and  the  church  of  God  "a  bright .jmd  shining  light" — 
the  army  one  of  its  boldest  and  most:  daring  leaders,  and  this 
brigade  a  firm  and  unwavering  friend* 

llcsolved  2.   Thai    General   .lacks. mi    has   closed    his  noble 
r  by  a  death  worthy  of  his  life,  and  that  while  wc  mo.irn 
for  him,  and  feel  thai  no  other  leader  can  bi 
has  been,  yet  we  arc  n  or  dispirited,  I   H  more. 

•mined  to  do  our  whole  duty,  and,  if  need  be,  to    . 

Resolvfcd  J.    l1h 

■ 
comm  .  try  of  war  be  requested  to  order th 


'uant- 


